In 2009, the American Anthropological Association's Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Communities released its final report concluding, in part, that, " When ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions, not subject to external review, where data collection occurs in the context of war, integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency, and in a potentially coercive environment – all characteristic factors of the HTS concept and its application – it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology.

The defining characteristic of the battle as a concept in Military science has been a dynamic one through the course of military history, changing with the changes in the organisation, employment and technology of military forces.

Overy states that blitzkrieg as a " coherent military and economic concept has proven a difficult strategy to defend in light of the evidence ".

The ancient Roman concept of virtus ( i. e. of virtue that had to be proved by a political or military career ), which Cicero suggested as the solution to the societal problems of the late Republic, meant little to them.

It is precisely in the context of this challenge that he develops the concept of military genius, whose capabilities are seen above all in the execution of operations.

John Sladek used the concept to humorous ends in his first novel The Reproductive System ( 1968, also titled Mechasm in some markets ), where a U. S. military research project goes out of control.

Citizenship as a concept is generally hard to isolate intellectually and compare with related political notions, since it relates to many other aspects of society such as the family, military service, the individual, freedom, religion, ideas of right and wrong, ethnicity, and patterns for how a person should behave in society.

* Command, control, and communications, a concept in military doctrine

Field-grade military officers declared their support for the concept.

For the Greeks Autokratōr was not a military title, and was closer to the Latin dictator concept (" the one with unlimited power "), before it came to mean Emperor.

Despite the safeguards built into the constitutions of most of these organizations, courts and tribunals, the concept of universal jurisdiction is controversial among those states which prefer unilateral to multilateral solutions through the use of executive or military authority, sometimes described as realpolitik-based diplomacy.

The accuracy of these systems was fairly poor, but post-war development by most military forces improved the basic inertial platform concept to the point where it could be used as the guidance system on ICBMs flying thousands of kilometers.

The numeral system and the zero concept, developed by the Hindus in India slowly spread to other surrounding countries due to their commercial and military activities with India.

To encourage the initiative of Red Army commanders, the CPSU temporarily abolished political commissars, reintroduced formal military ranks and decorations, and the Guards unit concept.

Other sociologists have taken Durkheim's concept of what religion is in the direction of the religion of professional sports, the military, or of rock music.

A number of the other military athletes in attendance were also familiar with the San Diego races, so they understood the concept when Collins suggested that the debate should be settled through a race combining the three existing long-distance competitions already on the island: the Waikiki Roughwater Swim, the Around-Oahu Bike Race (; originally a two-day event ) and the Honolulu Marathon.

Stogre ( 1992 ) notes that this bull, perhaps in part due to misleading information provided by the Portuguese, introduced the concept of military force, rather than peaceful evangelisation, for missionary purposes and that it applied to lands that had never previously been subject to Christian ownership, subsequently leading to the " brutal dispossession and enslavement of the indigenous population ".

Assured destruction is a concept sometimes used in deterrence theory and military strategy discussions to describe a condition where certain behaviors or choices are deterred because they will lead to the imposition by others of overwhelming punitive consequences.

Moreover, German military authorities continued to promote the idea of outreaching one's opponent on the battlefield by means of a longer rifle / bayonet combination, a concept prominently featured in its infantry bayonet training doctrines.

Accordingly, from the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949 until the mid-1970s the concept of reunification was not the main subject of discourse between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China ; each formally envisioned a military takeover of one by the other.

Integrated Logistics Support ( ILS ) is a discipline used in military industries to ensure an easily supportable system with a robust customer service ( logistic ) concept at the lowest cost and in line with ( often high ) reliability, availability, maintainability and other requirements as defined for the project.

There is an ongoing discussion regarding the concept of " authenticity " as experienced by the generation raised under American military occupation.

He ordered them to develop a concept plan that would integrate all the military intelligence of the DoD.

Full-spectrum dominance is a military concept whereby a joint military structure achieves control over all elements of the battlespace using land, air, maritime, space, and even cyber based assets.

The need for monitoring became greater when radio was adopted for military signaling.

The technology of CDMA was used in 1957, when the young military radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich in Moscow, made an experimental model of a wearable automatic mobile phone, called LK-1 by him, with a base station.

During World War II and through the 1950s, high frequency (" short wave ") radio was widely used for military and diplomatic communication, and could be intercepted at great distances.

Emperor Haile Selassie had begun the process of introducing radio transmitters to the country for civilian and military use in the years before the Italian invasion.

The island's historic role as a signal station continues today with its high-technology relay stations carrying vital TV, radio, telephone and military communication links between Shetland, Orkney and the Scottish mainland.

At the same time, with the underground network of Montoneros militants largely uprooted in the capital of Tucumán province, several hundred ERP militants took the streets in the Argentine city of Córdoba in the last week of August 1975, in an effort to divert attention from the military operations being waged in the jungles and mountains of Tucumán and five policemen were killed as a result, after the police headquarters was attacked with gunfire and the police radio communications center bombed.

The United States federal government controls interstate trade, foreign commerce, customs, aviation and navigation, immigration, currency, all military and naval matters, radio and television communications, mining and minerals, highways, the postal system, social security, and other areas generally controlled by the federal government in the United States.

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, DARPA operated a number of terrestrial and satellite packet radio networks connected to the ARPANET at various military and government installations.

Guglielmo Marconi demonstrated application of radio in commercial, military and marine communications and started a company for the development and propagation of radio communication services and equipment.

Other users of the radio spectrum, such as the broadcasting and electronic countermeasures industries, have replaced the traditional military designations with their own systems.

They designed and built the radios that communicated the Apollo Moon landings and the high frequency radio network that allows worldwide communication with US military aircraft.

From the very beginning, the Military Committee knew it had to capture al-Kiswah and Qatana, two military camps, seize control of the 70th Armoured Brigade at al-Kiswah, the Military Academy in the city of Homs and the Damascus radio station.

Much of the later work in speech compression was motivated by military research into digital communications for secure military radios, where very low data rates were required to allow effective operation in a hostile radio environment.

Ultra was the designation adopted by British military intelligence in June 1941 for wartime signals intelligence obtained by breaking high-level encrypted enemy radio and teleprinter communications at the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park.

The territory holds many diverse structures that help provide autonomy for the sovereign state, including a rail line and train station, heliport, post office, radio station ( with extraterritorial antennas in Italy ), military barracks, government palaces and offices, public plaza, part of an audience hall, old defensive wall marking the border, institutions of higher learning, cultural / art centers, and a few embassies.

In the speech, Harding advocated aviation technology for civil and military purposes ; the development of radio technology and regulation ; and the passage of a federal anti-lynching law to protect African Americans.

The primary application during the first 10 years of ALE use was government and military radio systems, and the limited customer base combined with the necessity to adhere to MILSPEC standards kept prices extremely high.

Although 3G ALE is more reliable and has significantly enhanced channel-time efficiency, the existence of a large installed base of 2G ALE radio systems and the wide availability of moderately priced ( often military surplus ) equipment, has made 2G the baseline standard for global interoperability.

ALE radio communication systems for both HF regional area networks and HF interoperability communications are in service among emergency and disaster relief agencies as well as military and guard forces.

This is popular with the military and spies, who both wish to minimize the chance of their radio transmissions being detected, i. e. Low probability of intercept ( LPI ) and Low probability of recognition ( LPR ).

CNRs are primarily used for push-to-talk-operated radio nets for command and control of combat, combat support, and combat service support operations among military ground, sea, and air forces.

Besides its use in the superheterodyne circuit which is found in almost all radio and television receivers, it is used in radio transmitters, modems, satellite communications and set-top boxes, radar, radio telescopes, telemetry systems, cell phones, cable television converter boxes and headends, microwave relays, metal detectors, atomic clocks, and military electronic countermeasures ( jamming ) systems.