The conventional symbol Z comes from the German word meaning number / numeral / figure, which prior to the modern synthesis of ideas from chemistry and physics, merely denoted an element's numerical place in the periodic table.

For example, the word " Amerika " in German has a one-to-one equivalence to its meaning in modern English: it may denote North America, South America, or both, and in some instances refers to the United States only.

The term " aesthetics " was appropriated and coined with new meaning in the German form Æsthetik ( modern spelling Ästhetik ) by Alexander Baumgarten in 1735.

The name is usually derived from a toponym, Angeln, from a Germanic word * anguz meaning " narrow " ( modern High German " eng ") or " angular " ( of the shape of the Jutland peninsula ).

The rest of that people stayed at the centre of the Angle homeland in the northeastern portion of the modern German Bundesland of Schleswig-Holstein, on the Jutland Peninsula.

Hot dogs and hamburgers are both based on traditional German dishes, brought by German immigrants to the United States, but in their modern popular form they can be reasonably considered American dishes.

Armida was translated into German and widely performed, especially in the northern German states, where it helped to establish Salieri's reputation as an important and innovative modern composer It would also be the first opera to receive a serious preparation in a piano and vocal reduction by Carl Friedrich Cramer in 1783.

The heaviest armored cars, such as the German, World War II era SdKfz 234 or the modern, US M1128 Mobile Gun System, mount the same guns that arm medium tanks.

Alexandrines are common in the German literature of the Baroque period and in French poetry of the early modern and modern periods.

* Vasconic substratum hypothesis: This proposal, by the German linguist Theo Vennemann, claims that there is enough toponymical evidence to conclude that Basque is the only survivor of a larger family that once extended throughout most of Europe, and has also left its mark in modern Indo-European languages spoken in Europe.

Brewers of modern dopplebocks often add "- ator " to their beer's name as a signpost of the style ; there are 200 "- ator " doppelbock names registered with the German patent office.

Consequently, modern Bulgarian is about as far from Russian as Swedish is from German.

Its first modern incidence in biological warfare were when Scandinavian " freedom fighters " supplied by the German General Staff used anthrax with unknown results against the Imperial Russian Army in Finland in 1916.

The Basel region, culturally extending into German Baden-Württemberg and French Alsace, reflects the heritage of its three states in the modern Latin name: " Regio TriRhena ".

Recently Croatian Railways introduced a series of modern tilting trains produced by the German branch of Bombardier Transportation.

In 18th and 19th century Germany, several thousand local languages of the continental west Germanic dialect continuum were reclassified as dialects of modern New High German although the vast majority of them were ( and still are ) mutually incomprehensible, despite the fact that they all existed long before New High German, which had at least in part been shaped as a compromise or mediative language between these local languages.

However as Old Castilian became modern Spanish, the pronunciation of the sh sound changed, and came to be pronounced with a voiceless velar fricative sound like the Scottish or German ch and today the Spanish pronunciation of " Quixote " is.

In its modern incarnation, the dachshund is a creation of German breeders and includes elements of German, French, and English hounds and terriers.

The original German dachshunds were larger than the modern full-size variety, weighing between, and originally came in straight-legged and crook-legged varieties ( the modern dachshund is descended from the latter ).

One modern historian feels that it was Ealdred who was behind the compilation of the D version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, and gives a date in the 1050s as its composition.

Res Gestae ( Rerum gestarum Libri XXXI ) was originally in thirty-one books, but the first thirteen are lost ( modern historian T. D.

One modern historian has seen him as essentially a marrano.

Bede's extensive use of miracles is disconcerting to the modern reader who thinks of Bede as a more or less reliable historian, but men of the time accepted miracles as a matter of course.

There were exceptions: Aphrodite, the goddess of love, was more frequently portrayed fully nude, though in postures that were intended to portray shyness or modesty, a portrayal that has been compared to modern pin ups by historian Marilyn Yalom.

Unlike the modern historian, most chroniclers tended to take their information as they found it, and made little attempt to separate fact from legend.

Indeed John Morris, the English historian who specialized in the study of the institutions of the Roman Empire and the history of Sub-Roman Britain, suggested in his book The Age of Arthur that as the descendants of Romanized Britons looked back to a golden age of peace and prosperity under Rome, the name " Camelot " of Arthurian legend may have referred to the capital of Britannia ( Camulodunum, modern Colchester ) in Roman times.

The modern historian Timothy Barnes takes his official birthday, 22 December, as his actual birthdate.

In the 19th century Jacob Burckhardt viewed Eusebius as ' a liar ', the “ first thoroughly dishonest historian of antiquity .” Ramsay MacMullen in the 20th century regarded Eusebius's work as representative of early Christian historical accounts in which “ Hostile writings and discarded views were not recopied or passed on, or they were actively suppressed ..., matters discreditable to the faith were to be consigned to silence .” As a consequence this kind of methodology in MacMullens view has distorted modern attempts, ( e. g. Harnack, Nock, and Brady ), to describe how the Church grew in the early centuries.

As the early modern period commenced in the late 15th century, many changes began to shock Europe that would have an effect on the production of grimoires ; the historian Owen Davies classed the most important of these as being the Protestant Reformation and subsequent Catholic Counter-Reformation, the witch-hunts and the advent of printing.

Herodotus (; Hēródotos ) was an ancient Greek historian who was born in Halicarnassus, Caria ( modern day Bodrum, Turkey ) and lived in the fifth century BC ( 484 – 425 BC ).

A few modern scholars have argued that Herodotus exaggerated the extent of his travels and invented his sources yet his reputation continues largely intact: " The Father of History is also the father of comparative anthropology ", " the father of ethnography ", and he is " more modern than any other ancient historian in his approach to the ideal of total history ".

Often called " the first modern historian ", the English scholar Edward Gibbon wrote his magnum opus, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ( 1776 – 1788 ).

In the words of one modern historian, " On the fate of Orléans hung that of the entire kingdom.

Nonetheless, modern historians agree that he also had many faults as king, including what historian Ralph Turner describes as " distasteful, even dangerous personality traits ", such as pettiness, spitefulness and cruelty.

Popular historian Frank McLynn maintains a counter-revisionist perspective on John, arguing that the king's modern reputation amongst historians is " bizarre ", and that as a monarch John " fails almost all those that can be legitimately set ".

" However, during modern times, Luke's competence as a historian is questioned, although that depends on one's a priori view of the supernatural.

Muslims had actually lived in the region for quite some time ; the famous Arab historian and geographer, Al-Masudi, reported Muslims amongst Africans in the land of Sofa in 947 ( modern day Mozambique, itself a derivative of the name of the Arab Shiekh who ruled the area at the time when the Portuguese arrived, Musa bin Ba ' ik ).

He circulated copies of the historian Gaius Cornelius Tacitus ' work, which was barely read at the time, and so we perhaps have him to thank for the partial survival of Tacitus ' work ; however, modern historiography rejects his claimed descent from the historian as forgery.

In 2012, the Mezcal Jazz Unit of Montpellier, France, collaborated by Internet with Grayhawk Perkins, a historian of the Muskogean nation, to make a recording titled Thirteen Moons which features " the soulful chants of ancient folk tales and more modern stories told in Mobilian.

This theory is based on the information of the first modern historian of Russia, Vasily Tatishchev ( a Rurikid himself ), who claimed that Rurik was of Wendish extraction.

Following his visit to the city, the 12th century Syrian historian Yaqut al-Hamawi wrote that Mogadishu was inhabited by dark-skinned Berbers, the ancestors of the modern Somalis.

Throughout the twentieth century, Stonehenge began to be revived as a place of religious significance, this time by adherents of Neopagan and New Age beliefs, particularly the Neo-druids: the historian Ronald Hutton would later remark that " it was a great, and potentially uncomfortable, irony that modern Druids had arrived at Stonehenge just as archaeologists were evicting the ancient Druids from it.