Saint Isidore of Seville, one of the greatest scholars of the early Middle Ages, is widely recognized as being the author of the first known encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, the Etymologiae or Origines ( around 630 ), in which he compiled a sizable portion of the learning available at his time, both ancient and modern.

The beginnings of the modern idea of the general-purpose, widely distributed printed encyclopedia precede the 18th century encyclopedists.

Chambers has been referred to as the father of the modern encyclopedia for this two-volume work.

In the film, Cooper plays a sheltered, intellectual linguist who is writing an encyclopedia with six other scientists, and hires street-wise Stanwyck to help them with modern slang terms.

Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi ( Abulcasis ), who some have called the father of modern surgery, wrote the Kitab al-Tasrif ( 1000 ), a 30-volume medical encyclopedia which was taught at Muslim and European medical schools until the 17th century.

An online mathematics encyclopedia under construction, focusing on modern mathematics.

An encyclopedia of world history, ancient, medieval and modern, chronologically arranged.

This edition of the encyclopedia is now in the public domain, but the outdated nature of some of its content makes its use as a source for modern scholarship problematic.

The Suda is somewhere between a grammatical dictionary and an encyclopedia in the modern sense.

Kircher was also fascinated with Sinology and wrote an encyclopedia of China, in which he noted the early presence of Nestorian Christians while also attempting to establish links with Egypt and Christianity that modern scholars regard as largely imaginary.

Avicenna ( Ibn Sina ) is considered the father of modern medicine, for his introduction of experimental medicine and clinical trials, the experimental use and testing of drugs, and a precise guide for practical experimentation in the process of discovering and proving the effectiveness of medical substances, in his medical encyclopedia, The Canon of Medicine ( 11th century ), which was the first book dealing with experimental medicine.

He wrote an encyclopedia of science, which was influential, and a later referent for such modern efforts as the Islamization of knowledge, which have similar intention.

The modern scholars who have studied Cristofori's work in detail tend to express their admiration in the strongest terms ; thus the New Grove encyclopedia describes him as having possessed " tremendous ingenuity "; Stewart Pollens says " All of Cristofori's work is startling in its ingenuity "; and the early-instrument scholar Grant O ' Brien has written

The many extended parallels to text found in Vincent de Beauvais ' Speculum historiale, the main encyclopedia that was used in the Middle Ages, are attributed by modern scholars to the two authors ' common compilation of identical sources, rather than to Jacobus ' reading Vincent's encyclopedia.

The encyclopedia is sometimes considered the first modern one in the German language ; at the time, it was the largest printed encyclopaedia in the western hemisphere.

In modern English orthography Æ is not considered an independent letter but a spelling variant, for example: " encyclopædia " versus " encyclopaedia " or " encyclopedia ".

The term paideia is probably best known to modern English-speakers through its use in the word encyclopedia, which is a combination of the Greek terms enkyklios, or " complete system / circle ", and paideia.

A modern scholar rarely would find an encyclopedia with the size and vast content of the Cursor Mundi.

The latter is regarded as the first encyclopedia in a modern European language.

Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English language encyclopedia about the history, culture, and civilization of Iranian peoples from prehistory to modern times.

The new prominence of Anacharsis was sparked by Jean-Jacques Barthélemy's fanciful Travels of Anacharsis the Younger in Greece ( 1788 ), a learned imaginary travel journal, one of the first historical novels, which a modern scholar has called " the encyclopedia of the new cult of the antique " in the late 18th century.

According to the modern Russian encyclopedia, the Russian army lost from 8, 000 to 15, 000 killed, wounded and prisoners during 4 days ; French casualties were from 25, 000 to 40, 000 Richard K. Riehn estimated French losses at about 30, 000, most of these were stragglers the actual battle being relatively small with about 10, 000 French and 14, 000 Russians actually involved.

* Acharya Mahapragya ( 1920 – 2010 CE );– Jain logician and considered as intellectual giant and encyclopedia to contribute to Jaina philosophy. The Eminent Scholar of Philosophy, Dr. Daya Krishna has recognized Acharya Shri Mahapragya as the most knowledgeable person on the subject of Jain Logic. His Book " New Dimensions in Jaina Logic " is the one of the best work on the subject in modern era. Acharya Mahapragya is known for his enlightening discourses.

The traditions of jurisprudence, history, philology, and sociology then evolved into something more closely resembling the modern views of these disciplines and informed the development of the social sciences, of which anthropology was a part.

The first major groups of amphibians developed in the Devonian period from lobe-finned fish similar to the modern coelacanth and lungfish, which had evolved multi-jointed leg-like fins with digits that enabled them to crawl along the sea bottom.

All modern amphibians are included in the subclass Lissamphibia, superorder Salientia, which is usually considered a clade, a group of species that have evolved from a common ancestor.

The Greek alphabet evolved into the modern western alphabets, such as Latin and Cyrillic, while Aramaic became the ancestor of many modern abjads and abugidas of Asia.

In French-speaking areas of the former Empire, the word aquis evolved into the modern Aix.

As the modern world evolved, several other patented materials, such as bones, starch, fish skins and isinglass, and casein, were introduced as alternative materials for glue manufacture.

Originally designed to breach fortifications, they have evolved from nearly static installations intended to reduce a single obstacle to highly mobile weapons of great flexibility in which now reposes the greater portion of a modern army's offensive capabilities.

Boxing evolved from 16th and 18th century prizefights ( detailed further down the page ), largely in Great Britain, to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid 19th century, again initially in Great Britain and later in the United States.

According to this research, genetic markers commonly found in modern humans worldwide suggest that today many people carry a gene that evolved as protection against the brain diseases that can be spread by consuming human brain tissue.

Examining Jewish history and rabbinic literature through the lens of academic criticism, Conservative Judaism believes that halakha has always evolved to meet the changing realities of Jewish life, and that it must continue to do so in the modern age.

These early canids probably evolved for the fast pursuit of prey in a grassland habitat ; they resembled modern civets in appearance.

As armies modernized into infantry and team effort, the warrior caste evolved into modern form of nobility caste.

Modern diplomatic immunity evolved parallel to the development of modern diplomacy.

Abdur Rahman turned his considerable energies to what evolved into the creation of the modern state of Afghanistan.

Some of these ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe's modern universities.

It is believed that the ancestors of modern vivipary mammals evolved after an accidental infection of an ancestor with this virus, that permitted the fetus to survive the immune system of the mother.

According to the Recent African Ancestry theory, modern humans evolved in Africa possibly from Homo heidelbergensis and migrated out of the continent some 50, 000 to 100, 000 years ago, replacing local populations of Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis.

Archaic Homo sapiens, the forerunner of anatomically modern humans, evolved between 400, 000 and 250, 000 years ago.

Anatomically modern humans evolved from archaic Homo sapiens in the Middle Paleolithic, about 200, 000 years ago.

The shortening and narrowing of the pelvis evolved as a requirement for bipedality and had significant effects on the process of human birth which is much more difficult in modern humans than in other primates.

As modern humans spread out from Africa they encountered other hominins such as Homo neanderthalensis and the so-called Denisovans, who may have evolved from populations of Homo erectus that had left Africa already around.

The modern system for awarding FIDE titles evolved from the " Dorazil " proposals, presented to the 1970 Siegen Chess Olympiad FIDE Congress.

Transfer RNA molecules appear to have evolved prior to modern aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, so the latter cannot be part of the explanation of its patterns.