While sovereignty has roots in antiquity, in its present usage it is essentially modern.

In more modern English usage, the term " adobe " has come to include a style of architecture popular in the desert climates of North America, especially in New Mexico.

Until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences, but in modern usage the fine arts, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, are distinguished from acquired skills in general, and the decorative or applied arts.

Though the word atom originally denoted a particle that cannot be cut into smaller particles, in modern scientific usage the atom is composed of various subatomic particles.

In modern English, " Americans " generally refers to residents of the United States, and among native speakers of English this usage is almost universal, with any other use of the term requiring specification of the subject under discussion.

In modern usage, the term is sometimes used improperly as a catch-all classification of " other world religions " alongside major organized religions.

Contrary to modern usage, the term did not have the extended connotation of overweening pride, self-confidence or arrogance, often resulting in fatal retribution.

The meaning was eventually further generalized in its modern English usage to apply to any outrageous act or exhibition of pride or disregard for basic moral laws.

In modern ground forces ' usage, the meaning of armour has expanded to include the role of troops in combat.

From this widening usage has come the more modern sense of the word.

In modern and ancient usage, even within secular terminology, Christ usually refers to Jesus, building on the centuries old tradition of such use.

To facilitate this improvement, IBM utilized the concept of a microprogram ( often called " microcode "), which still sees widespread usage in modern CPUs.

* System: privatization began in 1988 ; advanced telecommunications infrastructure ; modern system based on extensive microwave radio relay facilities ; fixed-line connections have dropped in recent years as mobile-cellular usage continues to increase, reaching a level of 85 telephones per 100 persons

In recent usage, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term " climate change " often refers only to changes in modern climate, including the rise in average surface temperature known as global warming.

This institution, with its name, was later emulated by other powers and is reflected in the modern usage of the word ( see Consul ( representative )).

The word " strategy " had only recently come into usage in modern Europe, and Clausewitz's definition is quite narrow: " the use of engagements for the object of war.

The modern usage of the term carbine covers much the same scope as it always had, namely lighter weapons ( generally rifles ) with barrels less than 457. 2 mm ( 18 inches ).

The modern usage of terms for mail armour is highly contested in popular and, to a lesser degree, academic culture.

In the modern era, the term cannon has fallen out of common usage, replaced by " guns " or " artillery " if not a more specific term such as " mortar " or " howitzer ".

While the specific definition has changed over time, modern usage refers to a typically non-realistic or semi-realistic drawing or painting intended for satire, caricature, or humor, or to the artistic style of such works.

Criticisms of mainstream psychology consistent with current critical psychology usage have existed since psychology's modern development in the late 19th century.

In more modern usage, the length of a diameter is also called the diameter.

Chinese numerals have symbols for 1 – 9, and additional symbols for powers of 10, which in modern usage reach 10 < sup > 44 </ sup >.

While the dative case is no longer a part of modern English usage, it survives in a few set expressions.

In modern usage, the term " dictator " is generally used to describe a leader who holds and / or abuses an extraordinary amount of personal power, especially the power to make laws without effective restraint by a legislative assembly.

In addition to its lasting effects on other genres, it marked the first modern large-scale mixing of musical traditions from multiple ethnic and religious communities within the Celtic diaspora.

Cultures in modern society are also studied in the fields of urban anthropology, ethnic studies, ecological anthropology, and psychological anthropology.

The vast majority of ethnic Franks, divided between Salians and Ripuarians, were confined respectively to the Low Countries, the northeastern tip of modern France and the Rhine river banks all the way down to near the Main and Hesse areas.

* Frisians, the medieval and modern ethnic group inhabiting Frisia, a region on the western coasts of Germany and the Netherlands

During medieval and modern times, Macedonia has been known as a Balkan region inhabited by ethnic Greeks, Albanians, Vlachs, Serbs, Bulgarians, Jews, and Turks.

Some martial arts are considered ' traditional ' and are tied to an ethnic, cultural or religious background, while others are modern systems developed either by a founder or an association.

The extent to which contemporary Pagans use these sources differs ; many follow a spirituality which they accept is entirely modern, whilst others attempt to reconstruct or revive indigenous, ethnic religions as found in historical and folkloric sources as accurately as possible.

Precisely where and when nationalism emerged is difficult to determine, but its development is closely related to that of the modern state and the push for popular sovereignty that surfaced with the French Revolution and the American Revolution in the late 18th century and culminated with the ethnic / national revolutions of Europe, for instance the Greek War of Independence.

Probably the first Sultan to identify and attempt to tackle the Janissaries as a praetorian institution doing more harm than good to the modern empire, Osman II closed their coffee shops ( the gathering points for conspiracies against the throne ) and started planning to create a new, loyal and ethnic Turkic army consisting of Anatolian, Mesopotamian and Egyptian Turks and Turkmens.

As such, various modern scholars have begun to apply the term to three groups of separate faiths: Historical Polytheism ( such as Celtic polytheism, Norse Paganism, the Cultus Deorum Romanorum and Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism also called Hellenismos ), Folk / ethnic / Indigenous religions ( such as Chinese folk religion and African traditional religion ), and Neopaganism ( such as Wicca and Germanic Neopaganism ).

The modern ethnic mix of many nations that have been settled in the last two centuries has been influenced by sugar.

Much of modern Japan was under only fragmentary control by the Imperial family, and rival ethnic groups.

Uyghur activists identify with the Tarim mummies, but research into the genetics of ancient Tarim mummies and their links with modern Uyghurs remain controversial, both to Chinese government officials concerned with ethnic separatism, and to Uyghur activists concerned that research could affect their claims of being indigenous to the region.

There, " Uyghur " was chosen by them as the name of their own ethnic group, although the delegates noted that the modern groups referred to a " Uyghur " were distinct from the old Uyghur Khaganate.

After the Communist victory, the Chinese Communist Party under Mao Zedong continued the Soviet classification, using the term Uyghur to describe the modern ethnic group.

The modern ethnic group is thus an Arabized Berber people inhabiting the westernmost Sahara desert, in the area of modern Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria and most notably the Western Sahara, with some tribes traditionally migrating into northern Mali and Niger.

Second, to analyze how societies could maintain their integrity and coherence in the modern era, when things such as shared religious and ethnic background could no longer be assumed ; to that end he wrote much about the effect of laws, religion, education and similar forces on the society and social integration.

Although many observers from the 1880s onward predicted that Yankee politicians would be no match for new generations of ethnic politicians, the presence of Yankees at the top tier of modern American politics was typified by Presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, and by Democratic National Committee chairman Howard Dean ( as well, to some observers, by 2004 Democratic presidential nominee Senator John Forbes Kerry, descendant through his mother, of the Scottish Forbes family, which emigrated to Massachusetts the 1750s ).

In the aftermath of the Greco-Turkish War ( 1919 – 1922 ), a large-scale population exchange between Greece and Turkey transferred and confined Christians from Turkey, except Constantinople ( effectively ethnic Greeks ) into the borders of the modern Greek state and Cyprus.

Two modern churches developed from the schism, the Chaldean Church, which entered into communion with Rome as an Eastern Catholic Church, and the Assyrian Church of the East, the followers of these two churches are almost exclusively ethnic Assyrians.

Grand Duchy of Lithuania to which Jogaila succeeded in 1377 was a political entity composed of two leading but very different nationalities and two political systems: ethnic Lithuania in the north-west and the vast Ruthenian territories of former Kievan Rus ', comprising lands of modern Ukraine, Belarus, and parts of western Russia.

As evidenced by the contemporary chronicles, the ruling princes of Galich ( modern Halych ) and Kiev called themselves " People of Rus '" ( with the exact Cyrillic spelling of the adjective from of Rus varying among sources ), which contrasts sharply with the lack of ethnic self-appellation for the area until the mid-19th century.

Historically, support for modern multiculturalism stems from the changes in Western societies after World War II, in what Susanne Wessendorf calls the " human rights revolution ", in which the horrors of institutionalized racism and ethnic cleansing became almost impossible to ignore in the wake of the Holocaust ; with the collapse of the European colonial system, as colonized nations in Africa and Asia successfully fought for their independence and pointed out the racist underpinnings of the colonial system ; and, in the United States in particular, with the rise of the Civil Rights Movement, which criticized ideals of assimilation that often led to prejudices against those who did not act according to Anglo-American standards and which led to the development of academic ethnic studies programs as a way to counteract the neglect of contributions by racial minorities in classrooms.