Although they may not recognize themselves as antiglobalists and are pro-capitalism, some economists who don't share the neoliberal approach of international economic institutions have strongly influenced the movement.

Socialist economists dismiss the term as an apologetic for failures of neoliberal policy and, more fundamentally, their perception of the weaknesses of market allocation.

Miguel de la Madrid was the first of a series of economists to rule the country, a technocrat who started to implement neoliberal reforms, causing the number of state-owned industries to decline from 1155 to a mere 412.

According to the economists Howell and Diallo ( 2007 ), neoliberal policies have contributed to a U. S. economy in which 30 % of workers earn low wages ( less than two-thirds the median wage for full-time workers ), and 35 % of the labor force is underemployed ; only 40 % of the working-age population in the U. S. is adequately employed.

The economists and policy analysts at the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives ( CCPA ) offer inequality-reducing social democratic policy alternatives to neoliberal policies.

In the 1970s and early 1980s, the modernists at the World Bank and IMF adopted the neoliberal ideas of economists such as Milton Friedman or Bela Balassa, which were implemented in the form of structural adjustment programs, while their opponents were promoting various ' bottom up ' approaches, ranging from civil disobedience and conscientization to appropriate technology and Rapid Rural Appraisal.

A staunch believer in economic liberalism, Erhard joined the Mont Pelerin Society in 1950 and used this influential body of neoliberal economic and political thinkers to test his ideas for the reorganization of the West German economy.

One of the best and least controversial examples of " neoliberal " reform is Russia, whose reforms in 1989 were justified under neoliberal economic policy but which lacked any of the basic features of a neoliberal state ( e. g. the rule of law, free press ) which could have justified the reforms.

This situation allowed people to work in their own interest and not in the interest of capitalists, but quite obviously this could not last forever, and the neoliberal offensive of the 80s was aimed to reverse the rapport de force.

It is apt, in that most of those who attend gatherings like the World Social Forum are opposed to what could be called the " unicentrism " that characterizes imperial, neoliberal, and neoconservative economic and political theories and institutions ; such people could be said to adherents to " polycentrism.

With the establishment of democratically-elected governments in all Central American nations by the 1990s, Costa Rica turned its focus from regional conflicts to the pursuit of neoliberal policies on the isthmus.

In Elyachar's work, Markets of Dispossession, she focuses on ways in which, in Cairo, NGOs along with INGOs and the state promoted neoliberal governmentality through schemas of economic development that relied upon " youth microentrepreneurs.

Since becoming an institution of the state, aside from official commitment to communism and Marxism-Leninism, the party also has de facto unrecognized factions including consumerist and neoliberal figures including business people on the right who effectively support capitalism, as well as factions on the left that oppose the right in the party, and other factions.

Based on the extent to which the application of neoliberal policies has contributed to income disparities and inequality, both Klein and Noam Chomsky have suggested that the primary role of neoliberalism was as an ideological cover for capital accumulation by multinational corporations.

In 1990 the neoliberal government of Alberto Fujimori ended price controls, protectionism, restrictions on foreign direct investment, and most state ownership of companies.

In Europe, the socialist Left Party in Germany grew in popularity due to dissatisfaction with the increasingly neoliberal policies of the SPD, becoming the fourth biggest party in parliament in the general election on 27 September 2009.

ATTAC functions on a principle of decentralisation: local associations organise meetings, conferences, and compose documents that become counter-arguments to the perceived neoliberal discourse.

In recent years, with deep economic and social crisis provoked by neoliberal policies, the right wing lost appeal in the region ( with the major exception being Colombia ) and the election of a sequence of left wing presidents began with Hugo Chávez ' victory on the 1998 presidential election in Venezuela.

These policies were based on the neoliberal " Washington Consensus " of the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ), World Bank, and U. S. Treasury Department.

The Administration also urged Aristide to stick closely to neoliberal economics and to abide by the Caribbean nation ’ s constitution — which gives substantial political power to the Parliament while imposing tight limits on the Executive.

The avant-garde's co-option by the global capitalist market, by neoliberal economies, and by what Guy Debord called The Society of the Spectacle, have made contemporary critics speculate on the possibility of a meaningful avant-garde today.

Hayek believed that certain elements that now make up modern economic neoliberal thought are too rationalist, relying on preconceived notions of human behaviour, such as the idea of homo economicus.

The reforms instituted a free market system along neoliberal lines in addition to the centrally planned economy, with any production in excess of government quotas allowed to be traded on the free market, all under the one party rule of the Communist Party.

This section attempts to provide an unbiased overview of this discussion, focusing on all the forms of neoliberalism that are not in any way neoliberal, but which have come to be associated with it, as well as the reasons for why this has happened.

David Harvey, on the other hand, argues that local elites exploit neoliberal reforms in order to impose reforms that benefit them at the cost of the poor, while transferring the blame onto the " evil imperialist " developed countries, citing the example of Argentina in 2001.

Although classical neoliberalism rests on the free flow of information, the neoliberal era has been marked by an unprecedented expansion of intellectual property and copyright, an expansion of libel laws to silence criticism ( e. g. libel tourism ) and expanding corporate secrecy ( e. g. in the UK corporations used contract law to forbid discussion of salaries, thereby controlling labour costs ), all of which came to be seen as a normal part of neoliberalism, but are wholly against its spirit.

Rajesh Makwana, on the left, writes that “ the World Bank and IMF, are major exponents of the neoliberal agenda ” advancing corporate interests.

In South Korea, 5, 600 power plant workers are on the 25th day of their strike, protesting the neoliberal government plans to privatize the state-run electricity plants.

Criticism of the CAP has united some supporters of neoliberal globalisation with the alter-globalisation movement in that it is argued that these subsidies, like those of the USA and other Western states, add to the problem of what is sometimes called Fortress Europe ; the West spends high amounts on agricultural subsidies every year, which amounts to unfair competition.

In the 1990s, the Liberals shifted back to a more neoliberal position on the economy and trade, but as the other parties moved as well, this did not result in a change in position on the spectrum.

Gutiérrez ran for President in 2002 as the candidate of the January 21 Patriotic Society Party ( PSP ), named for the date of the 2000 protest, and the Pachakutik Movement, on a platform of fighting corruption and reversing neoliberal economic reforms.

It is commonly believed that the post-modern way of understanding civil society was first developed by political opposition in the former Soviet bloc East European countries in the 1980s ; but research shows that communist propaganda was the most important influence on the development and popularization of the idea, in an effort to legitimize neoliberal transformation in 1989.

Not all approaches to regime theory, however are liberal or neoliberal ; some realist scholars like Joseph Greico have developed hybrid theories which take a realist based approach to this fundamentally liberal theory.

At the heart of economic neoliberalism are various theories that prove the economic neoliberal ideology.

Marxists, who are skeptical of right-wing populist conspiracy theories, also accuse the global power elite of not having the best interests of all at heart, and many intergovernmental organizations of suffering from a democratic deficit, but they argue that the superclass are plutocrats only interested in brazenly imposing a neoliberal or neoconservative new world order — the implementation of global capitalism through economic and military coercion to protect the interests of transnational corporations — which systematically undermines the possibility of a socialist one-world government.

Based on the belief of a new emerging economy, neoliberal economic theories were introduced at the end of the 1980s forcing managerial capitalism to yield to the shareholders.

The prime objective of the neoliberal economic theories is the maximization of the profits in order to maximize stock value.

Not all approaches to regime theory, however are liberal or neoliberal ; some realist scholars like Joseph Grieco have developed hybrid theories which take a realist based approach to this fundamentally liberal theory.

Since 1990 they became the apologists of the idea of civil society as a result of work of communist propaganda in Poland using it as a tool of neoliberal transformation, legitimizing development of the third sector as a substitute for the welfare state.

Thus they got under influence of neoliberal ideologies since Tocqueville was a liberal, not a republican theorist, giving new impetus to their work.

Economically, they began a transition to neoliberal economic policies.

However, this tactic backfired as the new plutocrats took advantage of the retraction of condemnation from politics to destroy the post-war settlement and indulge in destructive financial speculation and economic restructuring as they diffused neoliberal political economy across the globe.

In an analysis of the effects of intensive Anglo-American neoliberal policies in comparison to continental European neoliberalism, where unions have remained strong, they concluded " The U. S. economic and social model is associated with substantial levels of social exclusion, including high levels of income inequality, high relative and absolute poverty rates, poor and unequal educational outcomes, poor health outcomes, and high rates of crime and incarceration.

The CGT endorsed Menem's 1995 re-election campaign ; but following a sharp recession, the CGT, CTA and MTA reacted jointly in mid-1996 with two general strikes against the government's neoliberal policies, whose emphasis on free trade and sharp productivity gains they believed responsible for the highest unemployment rates since the great depression.

This election marked the debut of the Labor and Social Justice Party, a new party formed by activists disenchanted with what they consider the neoliberal leanings displayed by the SPD.

Both groups had been founded in reaction to the government politics as laid down in the Agenda 2010 programme of the governing " Red-Green " coalition, which they consider as too neoliberal.