Here the notion of causality is one of contributory causality as discussed above: If the true value, then a change in will result in a change in y unless some other causative variable ( s ), either included in the regression or implicit in the error term, change in such a way as to exactly offset its effect ; thus a change in is not sufficient to change y.

The concept does not question, or compete with, the notion of causality.

In modern physics, the notion of causality had to be clarified.

For example, the notion that events can be ordered into causes and effects is necessary to prevent ( or at least outline ) causality paradoxes such as the grandfather paradox, which asks what happens if a time-traveler kills his own grandfather before he ever meets the time-traveler's grandmother.

A related way to interpret the Butterfly effect is to see it as highlighting the difference between the application of the notion of causality in physics and a more general use of causality as represented by Mackie's INUS conditions.

If self is actually so given, we do not need the principle of causality to infer it ; if it is not so given, causality could never give us either the notion or the fact of self as a cause or force, far less as an ultimate one.

Nisargadatta's teachings also focus on our notion of causality as being misinterpreted.

He understood that the interconnectedness of varying forces in the universe is so vast and innumerable that the notion of causality, as presently understood, is wasted.

Here the notion of causality is one of contributory causality: If the true value, then a change in will result in a change in y unless some other causative variable ( s ), either included in the regression or implicit in the error term, change in such a way as to exactly offset its effect ; thus a change in is not sufficient to change y.

Although the notion of a tachyonic imaginary mass is troubling, what is really being quantized is the scalar field ; even for tachyonic quantum fields, the field operators at spacelike separated points still commute ( or anticommute ), thus preserving causality.

This view of order necessarily departs from any notion which entails signalling, and therefore causality.

Skinner's analysis rejects both as " dignity " – a false notion of inner causality which removes both credit for action and blame for misdeeds, " the achievements for which a person himself is to be given credit seem to approach zero.

* The notion of causality, that all events have a cause

Historically, the constraint of dominant concern has been the metaphysical constraint of determinism, which stated most simply is the notion that the present dictates the future entirely, that every occurrence results from prior events.

In geometry, a hyperplane of an n-dimensional space V is a " flat " subset of dimension n − 1, or equivalently, of codimension 1 in V ; it may therefore be referred to as an ( n − 1 )- flat of V. The space V may be a Euclidean space or more generally an affine space, or a vector space or a projective space, and the notion of hyperplane varies correspondingly ; in all cases however, any hyperplane can be given in coordinates as the solution of a single ( due to the " codimension 1 " constraint ) algebraic equation of degree 1 ( due to the " flat " constraint ).

* reasoning mechanisms are based on graph notions, basically the classical notion of graph homomorphism ; this allows, in particular, to link basic reasoning problems to other fundamental problems in computer science ( problems on conjunctive queries in relational databases, constraint satisfaction problem, ...),

The notion that cost of production of hardware should be a constraint in programming was foreign to Dijkstra.

Among his other important ideas is the notion of local conjunction of constraints-the idea that two constraints can combine into a single constraint that is violated only when both of its conjuncts are violated.

Historically, the notion of construction grammar developed out of the ideas of " global rules " and " transderivational rules " in generative semantics, together with the generative semantic idea of a grammar as a constraint satisfaction system.

We have staved off a war and, since our behavior has involved all these elements, we can only keep adding to our ritual without daring to abandon any part of it, since we have not the slightest notion which parts are effective.

In she has it in for George dominant stress will ordinarily be on in, where the notion of stored-up antipathy seems to center.

The notion of philosophy as Queen Bee may fit well with authoritarian modes of political ideology, but it has been noted that the price of such an imperial notion of philosophy is the frustration and flagellation of the social sciences.

The threadbare notion that belief, unlike behaviour, is not subject to objective analysis, has placed intuitive metaphysics squarely against the sociology of knowledge, since it is precisely the job of the sociology of knowledge to treat beliefs as social facts no less viable than social behaviour.

In such a case, any attitude would be as fitting or unfitting as any other, which means that the notion of fitness has lost all point.

And Mityukh, apparently the intellectual leader of the crowd, replies that he has no notion.

( Pp. 228-229 ) in any event, it is obvious that the anti-trust laws did not prevent the formation of some of the greatest financial empires the world has ever known, held together by some of the most fantastic ideas, all based on the fundamental notion that a corporation is an individual who can trade and exchange goods without control by the government ''.

John C. Cavadini has challenged this notion by attempting to take the Spanish Christology in its own Spanish / North African context in his important study, The Last Christology of the West: Adoptionism in Spain and Gaul, 785 – 820.

So broad a notion has inevitably been elusive and controversial in the history of philosophy, beginning in western philosophy with attempts among the pre-Socratics to deploy it intelligibly.

The notion that the Third Reich developed a blitzkrieg strategy to achieve its total aims has been widely attacked.

The widely accepted notion that the security of the system should depend on the key alone has been explicitly formulated by Auguste Kerckhoffs ( in the 1880s ) and Claude Shannon ( in the 1940s ); the statements are known as Kerckhoffs ' principle and Shannon's Maxim respectively.

In light of this, and the practical difficulty of managing such long keys, modern cryptographic practice has discarded the notion of perfect secrecy as a requirement for encryption, and instead focuses on computational security, under which the computational requirements of breaking an encrypted text must be infeasible for an attacker.

The Whig-liberal tradition has led to the well-known notion of ( negative ) freedom as lack of specific coercion.

For example, it has been suggested that, in the early 20th century Shanghai, “ Western food, and in particular identifiably nourishing items like milk, became a symbol of a neo-traditional Chinese notion of family .”

It may be a cultural notion, but has very little weight in international discourse ; very few political observers really discuss Christendom, while the Muslim World tends to comprise of a civilization in itself.

" Christendom " has referred to the medieval and renaissance notion of the Christian world as a sociopolitical polity.

The Council of Chalcedon issued the ' Chalcedonian Definition ,' which repudiated the notion of a single nature in Christ, and defined that he has two natures in one person and hypostasis ; it also insisted on the completeness of his two natures: Godhead and manhood.

However, Judeo-Christian thought also makes an " innovation of the first importance ", Eliade says, because it embraces the notion of linear, historical time ; in Christianity, " time is no longer the circular Time of the Eternal Return ; it has become linear and irreversible Time ".

Kant's notion of critique has been associated with the disestablishment of false, unprovable, or dogmatic philosophical, social, and political beliefs, because Kant's critique of reason involved the critique of dogmatic theological and metaphysical ideas and was intertwined with the enhancement of ethical autonomy and the Enlightenment critique of superstition and irrational authority.

The notion of definability treated in this article has been chosen primarily for definiteness, not on the grounds that it's more useful or interesting than other notions.

This understanding has led to the notion that all the information needed for proteins to assume their native state was encoded in the primary structure of the protein, and hence in the DNA that codes for the protein, the so called " Anfinsen's thermodynamic hypothesis ".

" Even today, though these errors have been recognized for more than a century, the general notion that Lao Tzu was Christ's forerunner has lost none of its romantic appeal.

He has also written about and advocated the notion of memetics as a philosophically useful tool, most recently in his " Brains, Computers, and Minds ", a three part presentation through Harvard's MBB 2009 Distinguished Lecture Series.

Although modern historians have rejected this hypothesis, Czech historiography has supported the notion of mixed Piast-Přemyslid parentage for Vladivoj.