The widely accepted notion that the security of the system should depend on the key alone has been explicitly formulated by Auguste Kerckhoffs ( in the 1880s ) and Claude Shannon ( in the 1940s ); the statements are known as Kerckhoffs ' principle and Shannon's Maxim respectively.

In light of this, and the practical difficulty of managing such long keys, modern cryptographic practice has discarded the notion of perfect secrecy as a requirement for encryption, and instead focuses on computational security, under which the computational requirements of breaking an encrypted text must be infeasible for an attacker.

These approaches include the notion that individuals in a society accept rules from legitimate authority in exchange for security and economic advantage ( as in Rawls ) – a social contract.

In the field of legal academia, Peter Swire has written about the trade-off between the notion that " security through obscurity is an illusion " and the military notion that " loose lips sink ships " as well as how competition affects the incentives to disclose.

) She defined a generalized notion of " labels "— corresponding more or less to the full security markings one encounters on classified military documents, e. g., TOP SECRET WNINTEL TK DUMBO — that are attached to entities.

The strongest notion of security, therefore, is security against existential forgery under an adaptive chosen message attack.

The code that performs hash, compare, or extend operations must also be protected — in this context, the notion of an immutable root-of-trust holds that the very first code to measure security properties of a system must itself be trusted to ensure that a rootkit or bootkit does not compromise the system at its most fundamental level.

Concern among academia rests in the notion that the purpose of the first amendment to the US constitution was to encourage a free press as political agitator evidenced by the famous quote from US President Thomas Jefferson, " The only security of all is in a free press.

The notion of a " secure state " is defined, and it is proven that each state transition preserves security by moving from secure state to secure state, thereby inductively proving that the system satisfies the security objectives of the model.

" The notion of a pro-slavery invasion by the U. S. was rejected in light of the newly ignited controversy over the Kansas – Nebraska Act, so a purchase or intervention in the name of national security was deemed the most acceptable method of acquisition.

There is also a weaker notion of security defined by A. Wyner and followed by many people in the area of information theory recently.

# Symmetric encryption can be constructed under an information-theoretic notion of security called entropic security, which assumes that the adversary knows almost nothing about the message being sent.

The core notion was that ‘ being, and being seen to be, a good international citizen ’ should be seen not as the ‘ foreign policy equivalent of boy-scout good deeds ’, but as a distinct component of any country ’ s national interest, ‘ quite distinct from the familiar duo of security and economic interests ’:

This notion of an adversary helps both intuitive and formal reasoning about cryptosystems by casting security analysis of cryptosystems as a ' game ' between the users and a centrally co-ordinated enemy.

The notion of semantic security was first put forward by Goldwasser and Micali in 1982.

MILS notably does not address the hierarchical structure that is embodied by the notion of security levels.

" In John Herz ’ words, the security dilemma is “ A structural notion in which the self-help attempts of states to look after their security needs tend, regardless of intention, to lead to rising insecurity for others as each interprets its own measures as defensive and measures of others as potentially threatening .”

This intuitive notion is formally stated by saying that the following two probability distributions are computationally indistinguishable ( in the security parameter ):

Human security is an emerging paradigm for understanding global vulnerabilities whose proponents challenge the traditional notion of national security by arguing that the proper referent for security should be the individual rather than the state.

There is a haunting resemblance between the notion of cause in Copernicus and in Freud.

Within this notion clarity is possible, but for us who are neither Greek nor Jansenist there is not such clarity.

Hence, the only defensible procedure is to repress any and every notion, unless it gives evidence that it is perfectly safe.

This is the principal point made in this final section of Englishman No. 57, and it caps Steele's efforts in his other writing of these months to counteract the notion of the Tories as a `` Church Party '' supported by the body of the clergy.

The notion of `` inspiration '' is somehow cognate to this feeling.

The Aristotelian notion of catharsis, the purging of emotion, is a persistent and viable one.

The idea here is one of discharge but this must stand in opposition to a second view, Plato's notion of the arousal of emotion.

This is given some expression in Beardsley's notion of harmony and the resolution of indecision.

And there is one other point in the Poetics that invites moral evaluation: Aristotle's notion that the distinctive function of tragedy is to purge one's emotions by arousing pity and fear.

I refer to the notion that the structure of society is a microcosm of the cosmic design and that history conforms to patterns of justice and chastisement as if it were a morality play set in motion by the gods for our instruction.

That notion is fantastically wrong-headed from several points of view.

The notion of philosophy as Queen Bee may fit well with authoritarian modes of political ideology, but it has been noted that the price of such an imperial notion of philosophy is the frustration and flagellation of the social sciences.

The threadbare notion that belief, unlike behaviour, is not subject to objective analysis, has placed intuitive metaphysics squarely against the sociology of knowledge, since it is precisely the job of the sociology of knowledge to treat beliefs as social facts no less viable than social behaviour.

These cases, for all their rarity, are so dramatic that friends and relations repeat the story until the general population may get an entirely false notion of how often the hymen is a serious problem to newly-weds.

It is a notion which contains a gratuitous insult, implying, as it does, that Negroes can make no move unless they are manipulated.

They would like to convey the notion something is being done, even though it is something they know to be ineffectual.

( Pp. 228-229 ) in any event, it is obvious that the anti-trust laws did not prevent the formation of some of the greatest financial empires the world has ever known, held together by some of the most fantastic ideas, all based on the fundamental notion that a corporation is an individual who can trade and exchange goods without control by the government ''.

Still, the notion of altruism is modified in such a world-view, since the belief is that such a practice promotes our own happiness: " The more we care for the happiness of others, the greater our own sense of well-being becomes " ( Dalai Lama ).

What is new here is that the above expresses the requirement for associativity without any explicit reference to individual morphisms in the enriched category C — again, these diagrams are for morphisms in hom-category M, and not in C — thus making the concept of associativity of composition meaningful in the general case where the hom-objects C ( a, b ) are abstract, and C itself need not even have any notion of individual morphism.

Since the group of affine geometry is a subgroup of the group of projective geometry, any notion invariant in projective geometry is a priori meaningful in affine geometry ; but not the other way round.

" Inspired by Precisionism, The Green Apple, completed in 1922, depicts her notion of simple, meaningful life.

These edges build on the notion of " text cohesion " and the idea that words that appear near each other are likely related in a meaningful way and " recommend " each other to the reader.

: Borrowing a notion apparently first used in economics by Paul Samuelson, this model of taxation and the predicted dependency of output on the tax rate, illustrates an operationally meaningful theorem ; that is one which requires some economically meaningful assumption which is falsifiable under certain conditions.

Most inquiries into the character of truth begin with a notion of an informative, meaningful, or significant element, the truth of whose information, meaning, or significance may be put into question and needs to be evaluated.

So some form of reductionism-" the belief that each meaningful statement is equivalent to some logical construct upon terms which refer to immediate experience "-must be assumed in order for an empiricist to ' save ' the notion of analyticity.

The concept of a local optimum implies that the domain is a metric space or topological space, in order that the notion of " neighborhood " should be meaningful.

She regards human security as describing " a condition of existence " which entails basic material needs, human dignity, including meaningful participation in the life of the community, and an active and substantive notion of democracy from the local to the global.

Toegye's kyung synthesized the primeval Korean sense of supreme-efforts-cum-earnest-devotion ( chisung ) with the Confucianist notion of holding fast to mind ( jik-yung ); he advocated self-efforts for creating a meaningful life.

Another criticism, for example, " the meaningful benefits of experimental drugs for women's sexual difficulties are questionable, and the financial conflicts of interest of experts who endorse the notion of a highly prevalent medical condition are extensive ".

While there is a meaningful notion of a C < sup > k </ sub > atlas, there is no distinct notion of a C < sup > k </ sub > manifold other than C < sup > 0 </ sub > ( continuous maps: a topological manifold ) and C < sup >∞</ sub > ( smooth maps: a smooth manifold ), because every C < sup > k </ sub >- structure with k > 0, there is a unique C < sup > k </ sub >- equivalent C < sup >∞</ sub >- structure ( every C < sup > k </ sup >- structure is uniquely smoothable ) – a result of Whitney ( and further, two C < sup > k </ sup > atlases that are equivalent to a single C < sup >∞</ sup > atlas are equivalent as C < sup > k </ sup > atlases, so two distinct C < sup > k </ sup > atlases do not collide ); see Differential structure: Existence and uniqueness theorems for details.

However, the notion is fundamental and more meaningful in algebraic geometry: consider the variety

* The notion of " correctness " may not be meaningful when making policy decisions as opposed to deciding questions of fact.