In light of this, and the practical difficulty of managing such long keys, modern cryptographic practice has discarded the notion of perfect secrecy as a requirement for encryption, and instead focuses on computational security, under which the computational requirements of breaking an encrypted text must be infeasible for an attacker.

Hence permutation groups ( also known as transformation groups ) and the related notion of orbit shed light on the mathematical structure of equivalence relations.

The modern theory that explains the nature of light includes the notion of wave – particle duality.

The notion of path difference and constructive or destructive interference used above for the double-slit experiment applies as well to the display of a single slit of light intercepted on a screen.

However, this notion is problematic for a standing wave ( for example, a wave on a string ), where energy is moving in both directions equally, or for electromagnetic ( e. g., light ) waves in a vacuum, where the concept of medium does not apply and interaction with a target is the key to wave detection and practical applications.

* March 17 – Albert Einstein publishes his paper On a heuristic viewpoint concerning the production and transformation of light, in which he explains the photoelectric effect using the notion of light quanta.

The notion of causality as constraint has also been explored as a way to shed light on scientific concepts such as self-organization, natural selection, adaptation, and control.

The notion that animals, including human beings, can be taught to react to selected stimuli in a desired way -- by ' brainwashing ' them -- is one that naturally appeals to tyrants and perhaps it was this, along with the favourable light his success was casting on Soviet Russia among western intellectuals, which accounted for the astonishing tolerance with which Pavlov was treated by the Soviet regime.

His account of the notion of external existence, as it derived not from pure sensation, but from the experience of action on the one hand and resistance on the other, stands in this light to be compared with the works of Alexander Bain and later psychologists.

However others see this statement as expressing the Roman Catholic notion of ‘ semina verbi ’ (‘ seeds of the word ’), whereby there is some truth ( seeds of truth ) in pre-Christian Greek thought, but these required purification by the light of the Gospels.

Muir biographer Steven Holmes notes that Muir used words like " glory " and " glorious " to suggest that light was taking on a religious dimension: " It is impossible to overestimate the importance of the notion of glory in Muir's published writings, where no other single image carries more emotional or religious weight ," adding that his words " exactly parallels its Hebraic origins ," in which biblical writings often indicate a divine presence with light, as in the burning bush or pillar of fire, and described as " the glory of God.

Because these definitions of saturation – in which very dark ( in both models ) or very light ( in HSL ) near-neutral colors, for instance or are considered fully saturated – conflict with the intuitive notion of color purity, often a conic or bi-conic solid is drawn instead (), with what this article calls chroma as its radial dimension, instead of saturation.

It was felt by supporters of Mrs. Eddy as " the Woman ," that any attempt to paint Mrs. Eddy in this light would meet with universal condemnation of her and her church for deifying her and so, this line of thought went, this notion should never be put forth as any official view of the Church but might be privately taught.

The origin of the notion of synderesis as presented here can be traced, on the one hand, to the Commentary on Ezechiel by Saint Jerome ( A. D. 347-419 ), where syntéresin ( συντήρησιν ) is mentioned among the powers of the soul and is described as the spark of conscience ( scintilla conscientiae ) and, on the other, to the interpretation of Jerome's text given, in the 13th Century, by Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas in the light of Aristotelian psychology and ethics.

The name " Pain of Salvation " was devised by Daniel Gildenlöw, whose intention was to incorporate the notion of balance, which he believed to be of vital significance, e. g. good and bad, light and dark, life and death ; pain and salvation.

" The notion of a pro-slavery invasion by the U. S. was rejected in light of the newly ignited controversy over the Kansas – Nebraska Act, so a purchase or intervention in the name of national security was deemed the most acceptable method of acquisition.

Beenay takes his findings to his superior at the university, Aton, who formulated the Theory of Universal Gravitation ( the in-story discussion of same making light of an article once written about Einstein's Theory of Relativity, referencing the false notion that " only twelve men " could understand it ).

It was largely derived from the notion of what it is intended to supply to the drinker: all of the nutrients and electrolytes lost when sweating. The first part of the name, Pocari, does not have any meaning ; the word was coined for its light, bright sound.

Among the Syriac Christians the feast is called denho ( up-going ), a name to be connected with the notion of rising light expressed in.

In Cuba, films made by Cuban-Americans or Cubans in exile are not widely distributed or well known, in part because the films deal with the Revolution in a negative light, but also because Cubans on the island dispute the notion of a Cuban diaspora and believe that those who live in exile no longer represent Cuban reality in an authentic light.

For example in Cabin Fever he uses the binary opposition of light and darkness to convey the notion of an interaction between a self and an ‘ other ’.

This note describes the evolution of the notion of alms ( and by extension of altruism ) from the notion of sacrifice.

Saunderson's arguments are those of a Neo-Spinozist, Naturalist, and Fatalist, using a sophisticated notion of the self-generation and natural evolution of species without Creation or supernatural intervention.

* ( on the applicability of this notion to the study of social evolution )

Recent understanding of human ecosystems and of human impact on the biosphere have led to a link between the notion of sustainability with the " co-evolution " 1994 and harmonization of cultural and biological evolution.

The death of God, in particular the statement that " we killed him ", is similar to the self-dissolution of Christian doctrine: due to the advances of the sciences, which for Nietzsche show that man is the product of evolution, that earth has no special place among the stars and that history is not progressive, the Christian notion of God can no longer serve as a basis for a morality.

Today, anthropologists and many social scientists vigorously oppose the notion of cultural evolution and rigid " stages " such as these.

She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among organisms.

From the British Museum's reconstruction of the skull, Woodward proposed that Piltdown man represented an evolutionary missing link between apes and humans, since the combination of a human-like cranium with an ape-like jaw tended to support the notion then prevailing in England that human evolution began with the brain.

Others, such as Stephen Jay Gould, reject the notion that genetic entities are subject to anything other than genetic or chemical forces, ( as well as the idea evolution acts on " populations " per se ), reasserting the centrality of the individual organism as the true unit of selection, whose specific phenotype is directly subject to evolutionary pressures.

In 1972, the notion of gradualism in evolution was challenged by a theory of " punctuated equilibrium " put forward by Gould and Niles Eldredge, proposing evolutionary changes could occur in relatively rapid spurts, when selective pressures were heightened, punctuating long periods of morphological stability, as well-adapted organisms coped successfully in their respective environments.

It is because of this fact and his understanding of animal anatomy and physiology, that Cuvier strongly objected to any notion of evolution.

" He added that Charles Darwin's theory of evolution was also used by conservative politicians, judges, and publicists to justify the idea of a " natural order of things " as well as " the notion that progress resulted from the elimination of the weak and the ' survival of the fittest.

Both the notion of atavism, and Haeckel's recapitulation theory, are saturated with notions of evolution as progress, as a march towards greater complexity and superior ability.

Later, Mendelian genetics supplanted the notion of inheritance of acquired traits, eventually leading to the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis, and the general abandonment of the Lamarckian theory of evolution in biology.

Inspired by the both Darwinian principles of natural evolution and Dawkins ’ notion of a meme and viewed as a form of population-based algorithm coupled with individual learning procedures capable of performing local refinements.

It may refer to the notion of social progress or sociocultural evolution, the philosophical idea that society moves forward by dialectical or evolutionary means.

English film critic Mark Kermode opined that while the film is shoddily made, its subject matter " horrible, grim, and nasty ," and its perceived notion that " violence begets violence " comes off as " obnoxious ," it stands as a " very, very important work in the evolution of American horror cinema " because of the events influencing and surrounding its creation and release, namely television footage of the Vietnam War.

This is because the quantum fluctuation of spacetime itself make the notion of time unsuitable for writing physical laws in the conventional form of evolution laws in time.

The concept can be extended to the abstract mathematical notion of a dynamical system using an evolution parameter.

* ( on the applicability of this notion to the study of social evolution ).

He frequently condemned both its aims and ideas, and was deeply concerned by the ability of Modernism to allow its adherents to go on believing themselves strict Catholics while having an understanding markedly different from the traditional one as to what that meant ( a consequence of the notion of evolution of dogma ).

He argued that because the theory of evolution undermined the notion of genus, it would be detrimental to practical scientific endeavor.

The theoretical foundation can be found in the Schumpeterian notion of socio-economic evolution, which consists of an incessant process of creative destruction that modernizes the modus operandi of society as a whole, including its economic, social, cultural, and political organization.