Or, he might remind Fromm that the 41 per cent figure is really astonishingly low: after all, the medieval guild system was dedicated to the proposition that 100 per cent of the workers ought to turn out only the average amount ; ;

It is a very traditional form of the language, probably derived from medieval deeds and documents, and has a very complicated structure and vocabulary which is generally reserved only for such documents.

In late medieval England, congregations regularly received Communion only at Easter ; and otherwise individual lay people might expect to receive Communion only when gravely ill, or in the form of a Nuptial Mass on being married.

Medieval military doctrine employed them as part of a combined-arms force along with various kinds of foot troops ; however medieval chroniclers tended to pay undue attention to the knights at the expense of the rank and file, which led early students of military history to suppose that this heavy cavalry was the only force that mattered on medieval European battlefields, which was not the case.

During the Middle Ages, there were various systems involving elections or assemblies, although often only involving a small amount of the population, the election of Gopala in Bengal region of Indian Subcontinent, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ( 10 % of population ), the Althing in Iceland, the Løgting in the Faeroe Islands, certain medieval Italian city-states such as Venice, the tuatha system in early medieval Ireland, the Veche in Novgorod and Pskov Republics of medieval Russia, Scandinavian Things, The States in Tirol and Switzerland and the autonomous merchant city of Sakai in the 16th century in Japan.

However, this overlooks those parts of scripture which provide for the doctrine of the " Two Swords " and for the medieval Roman Catholic concept of the powers of kings to protect the Christian Constitution of states, to defend and extend the boundaries of Christendom by lawful means only, to protect and defend the innocent, the weak, the poor and the vulnerable, and to protect the church and the papacy with the king's own life, if necessary.

* Vulgar Latin and Late Latin among the uneducated and educated populations respectively of the Roman empire and the states that followed it in the same range no later than 900 AD ; medieval Latin and Renaissance Latin among the educated populations of western, northern, central and part of eastern Europe until the rise of the national languages in that range, beginning with the first language academy in Italy in 1582 / 83 ; new Latin written only in scholarly and scientific contexts by a small minority of the educated population at scattered locations over all of Europe ; ecclesiastical Latin, in spoken and written contexts of liturgy and church administration only, over the range of the Roman Catholic Church.

The ' Select ' plays are found in many medieval manuscripts but only two manuscripts preserve the ' Alphabetical ' playsoften denoted L and P, after the Laurentian Library at Florence, and the Bibliotheca Palatina in the Vatican, where they are stored.

Since at least the 1960s, when Marc Bloch's Feudal Society ( 1939 ) was first translated into English in 1961, many medieval historians have included a broader social aspect that includes not only the nobility but all three estates of the realm, adding the peasantry bonds of manorialism and the estates of the Church ; this is sometimes referred to as " feudal society " since it encompasses all members of society into the feudal system.

Outside a European context, the concept of feudalism is normally used only by analogy ( called semi-feudal ), most often in discussions of feudal Japan under the shoguns, and sometimes medieval and Gondarine Ethiopia.

Ganshof defined feudalism from a narrow legal and military perspective, arguing that feudal relationships existed only within the medieval nobility itself.

Having noted the current use of many, often contradictory, definitions of feudalism, she argued that the word is only a construct with no basis in medieval reality, an invention of modern historians read back " tyrannically " into the historical record.

This kind of medieval mappa mundi illustrates only the reachable side of a spherical Earth | round Earth, since it was thought that no one could cross a clime | torrid clime near the equator to the other half of the globe.

As a result some texts of Galen exist only in Arabic translation, while others exist only in medieval Latin translations of the Arabic.

The medieval guild was established by charters or letters patent or similar authority by the city or the ruler and normally held a monopoly on trade in its craft within the city in which it operated: handicraft workers were forbidden by law to run any business if they were not members of a guild, and only masters were allowed to be members of a guild.

Of these works forming the extended Hesiodic corpus, only the Shield of Heracles (, Aspis Hērakleous ) is transmitted intact via a medieval manuscript tradition.

The Scottish medieval clàrsach ' Queen Mary harp ' Clàrsach na Banrigh Màiri, ( c. 1400 ) now in the Museum of Scotland, is a one of only three surviving medieval Gaelic harps.

Thus a lion, when presented in a given context in medieval literature, could only be interpreted in a single, approved way.

A small, rock-carved angel watched her from a nearby tomb, the only angel in the cemetery.

He points out that Shrine 261 is not strictly analogous to the Ark of the Covenant: it can only be said that the Anubis Shrine is " ark-like ", constructed of wood, gilded and gessoed, stored within a sacred tomb, " guarding " the treasury of the tomb ( and not the primary focus of that environment ), that it contains compartments within it that store and hold sacred objects, that it has a figure of Anubis on its lid, and that it was carried by two staves permanently inserted into rings at its base and borne by eight priests in the funerary procession to Tutankhamun's tomb.

During the excavation, Helena is alleged to have rediscovered the True Cross, and a tomb, though Eusebius's account makes no mention of Helena's presence at the excavation, nor of the finding of the cross but only the tomb.

Hume asked that he be interred in a " simple roman tomb "; in his will he requests that it be inscribed only with his name and the year of his birth and death, " leaving it to Posterity to add the Rest.

Purple robes and a weighty gold loincloth were the only objects found in her tomb.

Although only 17 years old he was innovative in improving the methods of copying tomb decoration.

The Communist Party of Great Britain had the monumental tombstone built in 1954 with a portrait bust by Laurence Bradshaw ; Marx's original tomb had had only humble adornment.

The museum consequently returned in 2009 five Egyptian fragments of frescoes ( 30 cm x 15 cm each ) whose existence of the tomb of origin had only been brought to the authorities attention in 2008, eight to five years after their good-faith acquisition by the museum from two private collections and after the necessary respect of the procedure of déclassement from French public collections before the Commission scientifique nationale des collections des musées de France.

" Mr. Thomas Scott, who had been so much deluded by the hypocrosy of Monk ... said: ' That though he knew not where to hide his head at that time, yet he durst not refuse to own, that not only his hand, but his heart also was in it ' and after he had produced divers reasons to prove the justice of it, he concluded, ' that he should desire no greater honor in this world, than that the folloing inscritption might be engraved on his tomb ; " Here lies one who had a hand and a heart in the execution of Charles Stuart late King of England.

Although there are disagreements as to the attribution of tombs to tomb types, there are only seven definitely known Maeshowe type tombs.

She notes that not only are the results not very precise, but that other structures mentioned in the research are not in fact pyramids, e. g. a tomb alleged to be the tomb of Amphion and Zethus near Thebes, a structure at Stylidha ( Thessaly ) which is just a long wall, etc.

His is the only tomb of a Pope north of the Alps.

The site of his sepulchre was discovered by De Rossi in 1854, with some broken remnants of the Greek epitaph engraved on the narrow oblong slab that closed his tomb and only the Greek term for bishop readable.

It was thought that each person had a two-part soul: the spirit-soul ( hun 魂 ) which journeyed to the afterlife paradise of immortals ( xian ), and the body-soul ( po 魄 ) which remained in its grave or tomb on earth and was only reunited with the spirit-soul through a ritual ceremony.

This was not, however, due to her visit to the tomb ; she must have been infected sometime before visiting the tomb, because the rash appeared only two days after her visit.

The founding of St. James tomb was a formidable political success for the Kingdom of Asturias: Now Asturias could claim the honour of having the body of one of the apostles of Jesus, a privilege shared only with Asia ( Ephesus ) where Saint John was buried, and Rome, where the bodies of Saint Peter and Saint Paul rested.

However, according to a survey of the extant Six Dynasties ' sculpture in the Nanjing and Danyang areas, only one of the extant Six Dynasties ' tomb sculptural groups has been securely identified as belonging to the Liu Song: the Chuning Tomb of the first emperor of the dynasty.

Among his more famous works are the statues of Nicolaus Copernicus and Jozef Poniatowski in Warsaw ; the statue of Maximilian I in Munich ; and the tomb monument of Pope Pius VII, the only work by a non-Italian in St. Peter's Basilica.

As the only Eastern Han Dynasty brick tomb ever found in Hong Kong, the Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb has invaluable historic value containing 58 items found on site.

Henry's naked and decapitated body could only be identified by his wife, thanks to a unique anatomical defect: on his left foot, he had six toes ( polydactyly ), which was confirmed at the opening of his tomb in 1832.

the college was one of the first to recognize the importance of music not only as a definite part of the curriculum but as a vital adjunct to campus life.

Though it may exist in either literate or illiterate societies, it assumes a role of true cultural importance only in the latter.

Promoters always hastened to place their choice tickets in the hands of the wealthy speculators, and only the man who knew the man who knew the fellow who had an in with the guy at the box office ever came up with a good seat for a contest of any importance.

Della Valle described Anah as the chief Arab town on the Euphrates, an importance which it owes to its position on one of the routes from the west to Baghdad ; Texeira said that the power of its amir extended to Palmyra ( early 17th century ); but Olivier found the ruling prince with only twenty-five men in his service, the town becoming more depopulated every day from lack of protection from the Arabs of the desert.

The administrative cities remained economically only of regional importance.

As part of the only passage between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, the Bosporus has always been of great commercial and strategic importance.

In 1462, Bordeaux obtained a parliament, but regained importance only in the 16th century when it became the center of the distribution of sugar and slaves from the West Indies along with the traditional wine.

After the Reform Act, which disenfranchised many of the rotten boroughs ( boroughs that had declined in importance, had only a small population, and had only a handful of eligible voters ), parliamentary constituencies began to diverge from the ancient boroughs.

The concerto grosso ( a concerto for more than one musician ) began to be replaced by the solo concerto ( a concerto featuring only one soloist ), and therefore began to place more importance on the particular soloist's ability to show off.

The only other lakes of importance in Chad are Lake Fitri, in Batha Prefecture, and Lake Iro, in the marshy southeast.

Famous while he lived, Caravaggio was forgotten almost immediately after his death, and it was only in the 20th century that his importance to the development of Western art was rediscovered.

The importance of a corporate body, regardless of its exact function, when such a body is a creature of statute is that its active functions can only be within the scope detailed by the statute which created that corporation.

Salt extraction from salt beds in the Afar Depression, as well as from salt springs in Dire and Afder districts in the south, is only of internal importance and only a negligible amount is exported.

The importance and meaning of coronation ceremonies and regalia also varied within the tradition: for instance Holy Roman Emperors could only be crowned emperor by the pope, which meant the coronation ceremony usually took place in Rome, often several years after these emperors had ascended to the throne ( as " king ") in their home country.

The loss of the Greek originals has given an Armenian translation a special importance ; thus, the first part of Eusebius ' Chronicle, of which only a few fragments exist in the Greek, has been preserved entirely in Armenian, though with lacunae.

A number of other changes have also characterized the evolution of humans, among them an increased importance on vision rather than smell ; a smaller gut ; loss of body hair ; evolution of sweat glands ; a change in the shape of the dental arcade from being u-shaped to being parabolic ; development of a chin ( only found in Homo sapiens ), development of styloid processes ; development of a descended larynx.

Until the French Revolution, this canon was of considerable importance in criminal law, not only ecclesiastical but even civil.

Joseph concluded that "… the manner in which he was treated for upwards of sixteen years could not but have confirmed him in the delusion that the preservation of his own person was the only thing of importance.

These combats had only local importance.

Certain European ritual traits such as the significance of the number 3, the importance of the head and of water sources such as springs remain in the archaeological record, but the differences in the votive offerings made at the Roman Baths ( Bath ), Bath, Somerset before and after the Roman conquest suggest that continuity was only partial.

The importance of the method of setting the strings in vibration by means of hammers, and its bearing on the acoustics of the instrument, were recognized only when the invention of the pianoforte had become a matter of history.

However, the concept of purebred bloodstock and a controlled, written breed registry only became of significant importance in modern times.

The protracted war in Italy and the wars with the Persians themselves laid a heavy burden on the Empire's resources, and Justinian was criticized for curtailing the government-run post service, which he limited to only one eastern route of military importance.