Financial economics examines topics such as the structure of optimal portfolios, the rate of return to capital, econometric analysis of security returns, and corporate financial behavior.

Another significant contribution was the analysis of the disjoint-set data structure ; he was the first to prove the optimal runtime involving the inverse Ackermann function.

The analysis of the geometrical structure is very important as deviations from the optimal principles may indicate some cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension and atherosclerosis ; a comprehensive analysis is given by Patton et al.

The structure is quite simple and all the employees reports to one person, what make the situation quite clear however it is not a good solution in terms of knowledge exchange and optimal usage of human resources.

The Weaire-Phelan structure is believed to be the best possible ( optimal ) unit cell of a perfectly ordered foam, while Plateau's laws describe how soap-films form structures in foams.

It tells where to look for determinants of optimal capital structure and how those factors might affect optimal capital structure.

Their second attempt on capital structure included taxes has identified that as the level of gearing increases by replacing equity with cheap debt the level of the WACC drops and an optimal capital structure does indeed exist at a point where debt is 100 %

Moreover, the structure of the optimal scalar quantizer ( in the rate – distortion sense ) approaches that of a uniform quantizer under these conditions.

In the highlands and along the ridges of mountain areas in temperate Europe as well as in the taiga region from Fennoscandia to Siberia the boreal forests show this open structure due to the harsh climate, hence offering optimal habitats for Capercaillie without human influence.

While this structure is not optimal, it certainly served its purpose of allowing its intended readership ( Catholic priests familiar with Latin grammars ) to get a basic enough grasp of the language to be able to communicate with and evangelise to the natives.

Θ ( n ) operations, which force us to visit every node in ascending order ( such as printing the entire list ), provide the opportunity to perform a behind-the-scenes derandomization of the level structure of the skip-list in an optimal way, bringing the skip list to search time.

Justice Cordy stated that " the Legislature could rationally conclude that it furthers the legitimate State purpose of ensuring, promoting, and supporting an optimal social structure for the bearing and raising of children.

Noam Chomsky has described Reinhart's contributions to the field of linguistics as " original and highly influential ," particularly regarding " syntactic structure and operations, referential dependence, principles of lexical semantics and their implications for syntactic organization, unified approaches to cross-linguistic semantic interpretation of complex structures that appear superficially to vary widely, the theory of stress and intonation, efficient parsing systems, the interaction of internal computations with thought and sensorimotor systems, optimal design as a core principle of language, and much else.

One possibility is that vertebrate olfactory bulb and insect antennal lobe structure may be similar because they contain an optimal solution to a computational problem experienced by all olfactory systems and thus may have evolved independently in different phyla.

However, the depicted structure is not an optimal one, because uses only a proper fraction of the available redundant information.

Edelsbrunner, Guibas, and Stolfi discovered an optimal data structure that only uses the edges in a monotone subdivision.

When a special data structure is involved in the implementation of the algorithm of the method, its time complexity can reach, an optimal algorithm of the method.

:" Given that the structure of an econometric model consists of optimal decision rules of economic agents, and that optimal decision rules vary systematically with changes in the structure of series relevant to the decision maker, it follows that any change in policy will systematically alter the structure of econometric models.

While optimal aperture can be determined mechanically, how much sharpness is required depends on how the image will be used – if the final image is viewed under normal conditions ( e. g., an 8 ″× 10 ″ image viewed at 10 ″), it may suffice to determine the < var > f </ var >- number using criteria for minimum required sharpness, and there may be no practical benefit from further reducing the size of the blur spot.

The optimal depth depends on factors such as the skater's weight, ability, strength, sporting activity, and ( for ice hockey ) style of play.

Once the photon map is constructed ( or during construction ), it is typically arranged in a manner that is optimal for the k-nearest neighbor algorithm, as photon look-up time depends on the spatial distribution of the photons.

They emphasize yet for these classical modalities that any optimal categorization depends very much on the application domain and use case.

The optimal tapping point ( or ratio of coil inductances ) depends on the amplifying device used, which may be a bipolar junction transistor, FET, triode, or amplifier of almost any type ( non-inverting in this case, although variations of the circuit with an earthed centre-point and feedback from an inverting amplifier or the collector / drain of a transistor are also common ), but a Junction FET ( shown ) or triode is often employed as a good degree of amplitude stability ( and thus distortion reduction ) can be achieved with a simple grid leak resistor-capacitor combination in series with the gate or grid ( see the Scott circuit below ) thanks to diode conduction on signal peaks building up enough negative bias to limit amplification.

At any moment in time the optimal driving speed depends on the weather ( forecast ) and the remaining capacity of the batteries.

One commonly-used scoring matrix for BLASTp searches is BLOSUM62, although the optimal scoring matrix depends on sequence similarity.

Fermi estimates are also useful in approaching problems where the optimal choice of calculation method depends on the expected size of the answer.

The optimal speed of rotation depends on the size of the tumbler barrel and materials involved.

The payoff depends on the optimal ( maximum or minimum ) underlying asset's price occurring over the life of the option.

The optimal organization, leadership, or decision making style depends upon various internal and external constraints ( factors ).

The optimal value of the above problem depends on and and is denoted.

The Incentive-Intensity Principle states that the optimal intensity of incentives depends on four factors: the incremental profits created by additional effort, the precision with which the desired activities are assessed, the agent ’ s risk tolerance, and the agent ’ s responsiveness to incentives.

For non-isotropic ( anisotropic ) coatings, the optimal coating depends on the shape of the target and the radar direction, but duality, the symmetry of Maxwell's equations between the electric and magnetic fields, tells one that optimal coatings have η < sub > 0 </ sub > × η < sub > 1 </ sub > = 377 < sup > 2 </ sup > Ω < sup > 2 </ sup >, where η < sub > 0 </ sub > and η < sub > 1 </ sub > are perpendicular components of the anisotropic surface impedance, aligned with edges and / or the radar direction.

Since this decision has no obvious correct answer, the optimal answer depends on the needs of the customer.

The optimal angle depends upon the knife geometry, the cut speed and many other parameters.

They proved that the optimal policies for the N installations can be found by solving recursively a dynamic programming problem in which the value function depends on the inventory levels at each installation and the orders from successive installations which have not yet been delivered.

What will be the optimal experiment design depends on the particular utility criterion chosen.

The optimal size and function of an organism's eyes, brain, limbs etc., depends purely on the environment in which that organism finds itself.

Since the optimal mix of input levels depends on the wage and rental rates, these rates are also arguments of the conditional demand functions for the inputs.

The required storage capacity of a holding tank depends upon two items: daily sewage flow, and available or optimal pumping service frequency.

Proceeding in this way up the table we extract the complete optimal policy and, if it is desired, we can check on Af by evaluating Af at the last stage.

The stock is hinged so the flukes can orient toward the bottom ( and on some designs may be adjusted for an optimal angle depending on the bottom type ).

If, however, one picks non-optimally, after improving a sub-optimal component and moving on to improve a more optimal component, one can see an increase in return.

While nations often strive for substantive harmony to facilitate cross-national distribution, philosophical differences about the optimal extent of regulation can be a hindrance ; more restrictive regulations seem appealing on an intuitive level, but critics decry the tradeoff cost in terms of slowing access to life-saving developments.

In games which have a skill element, such as Blackjack or Spanish 21, the house edge is defined as the house advantage from optimal play ( without the use of advanced techniques such as card counting ), on the first hand of the shoe ( the container that holds the cards ).

The set of the optimal plays for all possible hands is known as " basic strategy " and is highly dependent on the specific rules, and even the number of decks used.

In the case of an optimal separation, different peaks or patterns on the chromatogram correspond to different components of the separated mixture.

There is a close connection between machine learning and compression: a system that predicts the posterior probabilities of a sequence given its entire history can be used for optimal data compression ( by using arithmetic coding on the output distribution ), while an optimal compressor can be used for prediction ( by finding the symbol that compresses best, given the previous history ).

Sam Harris argues that there are societally optimal " moral peaks " to discover. In modern times, many thinkers discussing the fact-value distinction and the Is-ought problem have settled on the idea that one cannot derive ought from is.

Charles S. Peirce also contributed the first English-language publication on an optimal design for regression-models in 1876.

For the case of power-of-two, Papadimitriou ( 1979 ) argued that the number of complex-number additions achieved by Cooley – Tukey algorithms is optimal under certain assumptions on the graph of the algorithm ( his assumptions imply, among other things, that no additive identities in the roots of unity are exploited ).

A slightly larger count ( but still better than split radix for N ≥ 256 ) was shown to be provably optimal for N ≤ 512 under additional restrictions on the possible algorithms ( split-radix-like flowgraphs with unit-modulus multiplicative factors ), by reduction to a Satisfiability Modulo Theories problem solvable by brute force ( Haynal & Haynal, 2011 ).

In addition to these critical items, the equipment used to assemble the cartridge also has an effect on its uniformity / consistency and optimal shape / size ; dies used to size the cartridges can be matched to the chamber of a given gun.

Results of these tests are an objective measure of an athlete's fitness ; however, weight, technique and team coordination also impact performance in a boat, thus assembling a crew based purely on erg scores is not an optimal strategy.

Rousseau asserted that the stage of human development associated with what he called " savages " was the best and most optimal in human development, between the less-than optimal extreme of brute animals on the one hand and the extreme of decadent civilization on the other.

Much like the use of probability in optimal coding theory, rate-distortion theory heavily draws on Bayesian estimation and decision theory in order to model perceptual distortion and even aesthetic judgment.

By the assumptions of increasing marginal costs, exogenous inputs ' prices, and control concentrated on a single agent or entrepreneur, the optimal decision is to equate the marginal cost and marginal revenue of production.

Because it does not know the whole input, an online algorithm is forced to make decisions that may later turn out not to be optimal, and the study of online algorithms has focused on the quality of decision-making that is possible in this setting.