These ideas were initially taken as postulates, but today there are efforts to test each of them.

Classical Greek geometry defined the Euclidean plane and Euclidean three-dimensional space using certain postulates, while the other properties of these spaces were deduced as theorems.

These postulates were first used in the discovery that Mycobacteria species cause tuberculosis.

The postulates as originally stated by Cox were not mathematically

An ancient etymology based on mere similarity of sounds linked pelasgos to pelargos (" stork ") and postulates that the Pelasgians were migrants like storks, possibly from Egypt, where they nest.

This work postulates that both Fitzwilliam Darcy and Charles Bingley, and Elizabeth Bennett and Charlotte Lucas were lovers of the same sex, and therefore closet bisexuals.

Previous generals had made use of drill and exercise in order to instill discipline or to keep the men physically fit, but for Maurice, they " were the fundamental postulates of tactics.

Koch's postulates were developed in the 19th century as general guidelines to identify pathogens that could be isolated with the techniques of the day.

Even in Koch's time, it was recognized that some infectious agents were clearly responsible for disease even though they did not fulfill all of the postulates.

Furthermore, viral diseases were not yet discovered when Koch formulated his postulates, and there are many viruses that do not cause illness in all infected individuals, a requirement of the first postulate.

Claims asserted by the Lusatian National movement were postulates of joining Lusatia to Poland or Czechoslovakia.

Roni Sarg, in Tucson Weeklys Rhythm and Views section, postulates that the putative stars of the Giraffes were chose for their for their " photogenic cuteness ".

The Kurgan hypothesis postulates that the Proto-Indo-Europeans were the bearers of the Kurgan culture of the Black Sea and the Caucasus and west of the Urals.

#* Koch's postulates were the first criteria developed for epidemiological relationships.

Legio XX Valeria Victrix was the legion featured in the novel Eagle in the Snow ; author Wallace Breem postulates that they were annihilated by the Germanic invasion of 406.

Pseudomembranous colitis was first described as a complication of C. difficile infection in 1978, when a toxin was isolated from patients suffering from pseudomembranous colitis and Koch's postulates were met.

Rabbi Yechiel Michel Epstein, author of Aruch Hashulchan, postulates that the mourning period also memorializes Jews who were murdered during the Crusades, pogroms and blood libels that occurred in Europe 1, 000 years after the period of Rabbi Akiva.

In the area of biblical law, Greenberg argued that " the law the expression of underlying postulates or values of culture " and that differences between biblical and ancient Near Eastern laws were not reflections of different stages of social development but of different underlying legal and religious principles ( Studies, 25-41 ).

This institutional service did not diminish the creativity and originality of his research program, which led to three postulates for the binding mechanism for ATP synthesis — that energy input was not used primarily to form ATP but to promote the binding of phosphate and mostly the release of tightly bound ATP ; that three identical catalytic sites went through compulsory, sequential binding changes ; and that the binding changes of the catalytic subunites, circularly arranged on the periphery of the enzyme, were driven by the rotation of a smaller internal subunit.

Tom O ' Golo postulates several key elements were added by Paul to Christian theology that weren't evident in Jesuism.

" According to Leigh, Geffcken identifies Cicero with “ the wiles and verbal ingenuity of the comic hero ” and in effect “ the jury becomes complicit in his successful bid to talk his young associate Caelius out of a distinctly tricky situation .” Leigh postulates that Cicero in Pro Caelio attempts to make the jury study what he claims to be the central issues in the case, as if they were watching a comedy.

The Kurgan hypothesis ( also theory or model ) is one of the proposals about early Indo-European origins, which postulates that the people of an archaeological " Kurgan culture " ( a term grouping the Yamna, or Pit Grave, culture and its predecessors ) in the Pontic steppe were the most likely speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language.

In the first place, he made an analogy between laws of logic and laws of geometry: once Euclid's postulates were believed to be truths about the physical space in which we live, but modern physical theories are based around non-Euclidean geometries, with a different and fundamentally incompatible notion of straight line.

* Anthropologist, Hindu-expert and linguist, Dr Cyril Hromnick, postulates that Dravidian traders, originally from the Gomti river in India, mined and inter-married with the Kung during the first millennium AD and that their descendants were responsible for building the terraces and stone circle dwellings that meander along Mpumalanga's escarpment as " astrological clocks ," as well as for creating the Quena-or Hottentot-race.

Darwiche and Pearl formulated the following postulates for iterated revision.

He formulated molecular Koch's postulates, which have guided the study of the microbial determinants of infectious diseases since the late 1980s.

By the end of the novel, the elite cavalry wing is led by a dashing young warrior prince named Artos, whom Sutcliff postulates to be the real Arthur.

In the 1990s, Jürgen Schmidhuber described an algorithmic theory of beauty which takes the subjectivity of the observer into account and postulates: among several observations classified as comparable by a given subjective observer, the aesthetically most pleasing one is the one with the shortest description, given the observer ’ s previous knowledge and his particular method for encoding the data.

Anthroposophy, a philosophy founded by Rudolf Steiner, postulates the existence of an objective, intellectually comprehensible spiritual world accessible to direct experience through inner development.

Classical physics draws a distinction between particles and energy, holding that only the latter exhibit waveform characteristics, whereas quantum mechanics is based on the observation that matter has both wave and particle aspects and postulates that the state of every subatomic particle can be described by a wavefunction — a mathematical expression used to calculate the probability that the particle, if measured, will be in a given location or state of motion.

Near the beginning of the first book of the Elements, Euclid gives five postulates ( axioms ) for plane geometry, stated in terms of constructions ( as translated by Thomas Heath ):

MWI is distinguished by two qualities: it assumes realism, which it assigns to the wavefunction, and it has the minimal formal structure possible, rejecting any hidden variables, quantum potential, any form of a collapse postulate ( i. e., Copenhagenism ) or mental postulates ( such as the many-minds interpretation makes ).

Early postulates by bio-inorganic chemists claimed that possibility # 1 ( above ) was correct and that iron should exist in oxidation state II.

One way of proving that a given disease is " infectious ", is to satisfy Koch's postulates ( first proposed by Robert Koch ), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease.

He is best known for proposing the Gaia hypothesis, which postulates that the biosphere is a self-regulating entity with the capacity to keep our planet healthy by controlling the chemical and physical environment.

To deny the existence of those universes, one needs to complicate the theory by adding experimentally unsupported processes and ad hoc postulates: finite space, wave function collapse and ontological asymmetry.

In his reconstruction of proto-Volta – Congo, Steward ( 1976 ) postulates that nasal consonants have originated under the influence of nasal vowels ; this hypothesis is supported by the fact that there are several Niger – Congo languages that have been analysed as lacking nasal consonants altogether.

The gate control theory of pain, proposed by Patrick David Wall and Ronald Melzack, postulates that nociception ( pain ) is " gated " by non-nociception stimuli such as vibration.

In the famous 1916 article The Atom and the Molecule by Gilbert N. Lewis, for example, the third of his six postulates of chemical behavior states that the atom tends to hold an even number of electrons in the shell and especially to hold eight electrons which are normally arranged symmetrically at the eight corners of a cube ( see: cubical atom ).

In mathematical logic, the Peano axioms, also known as the Dedekind – Peano axioms or the Peano postulates, are a set of axioms for the natural numbers presented by the 19th century Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano.

Even with the defining postulates of both Einstein's theory of general relativity and quantum theory being indisputably supported by rigorous and repeated empirical evidence and while they do not directly contradict each other theoretically ( at least with regard to their primary claims ), they have proven extremely difficult to incorporate into one consistent, cohesive model.

Leninist theory postulates that, with the strongly determined will of the Bourgeoisie to establish Imperialism, socialism will not arise spontaneously through the natural decay of capitalism, and that workers by themselves, who may be more or less sedated by reactionary propaganda, are unable to effectively organise and develop socialist consciousness, therefore requiring the leadership of a revolutionary vanguard organized on the basis of democratic centralism.

However, the most common set of postulates remains those employed by Einstein in his original paper.

Aside from the logical and mathematical sciences, there are three great branches of natural science which stand apart by reason of the variety of far reaching deductions drawn from a small number of primary postulates — they are mechanics, electrodynamics, and thermodynamics.

Mathematical biologists ' initial relationship with the ideas in the book was, according to Alan Grafen, " at best difficult " due to what Grafen postulates is a reliance solely on Mendelian genetics by these biologists.

In Survival, Atwood postulates that Canadian literature, and by extension Canadian identity, is characterized by the symbol of survival.

) More formally, the only permissible constructions are those granted by Euclid's first three postulates.