In the first subtype, the analyst ( following the practice of railroad analysis in this particular respect ) distributes both total operating costs and total annual capital costs ( including an allowance for `` cost of capital '' or `` fair rate of return '' ) among the different classes and units of service.

There are obvious reasons of convenience for this practice of excluding `` cost of capital '' from the direct apportionment of annual costs among the different classes of service -- notably, the avoidance of the controversial question what rate of return should be held to constitute `` cost of capital '' or `` fair rate of return ''.

He promulgated the fuero of tortum per tortum, facilitating taking the law into one's own hands, which among others reassumed the Muslim right to dwell in the city and their right to keep their properties and practice their religion under their own jurisdiction as long as they maintained tax payment and relocated to the suburbs.

It was fairly common in Ireland at this time for young boys, particularly those of noble birth, to be fostered out ; the practice was also likely to have been common among the Germanic peoples in England.

* They hold that the continuing practice among many Independent clergy of one person receiving multiple ordinations in order to secure apostolic succession, betrays an incorrect and mechanistic theology of ordination.

Ferguson, working at the Fort Qu ' Appelle Sanatorium in Saskatchewan, was among the pioneers in developing the practice of vaccination against tuberculosis.

His reputation among Protestants was at the time so bad that he was charged by Thomas Browne in 1643 with the authorship of the legendary-apocryphal heretical treatise De tribus Impostoribus, as well as with having carried his alleged approval of polygamy into practice.

These days it is considered basic among DJs in electronic dance music genres, and it is standard practice in clubs to keep the constant beat through the night, even if DJs change in the middle.

The practice of bedecking the May Bush / Dos Bhealtaine with flowers, ribbons, garlands and coloured egg shells is found among the Gaelic diaspora, most notably in Newfoundland, and in some Easter traditions on the East Coast of the United States.

Venom's members also adopted pseudonyms, a practice that would become widespread among black metal musicians.

There is also a tradition of the practice among the Hopi, and mentions of the custom among other tribes of New Mexico and Arizona.

Celibacy among the clergy is a relavtively recent practice: it became Church policy at the Second Lateran Council in 1139.

Polygyny, or men having multiple wives at once, is one of the most common marital arrangements represented in the Old Testament, yet scholars doubt that it was common among average Israelites because of the wealth needed to practice it.

Parallel with this generational change, the articles and books on the doctrine and practice of fellowship with the main " Central " grouping now reject the notion itself of separate " fellowships " among those who recognise the same baptism as " schism ".

Chiropractic has developed a strong political base and sustained demand for services ; in recent decades, it has gained more legitimacy and greater acceptance among medical physicians and health plans in the U. S., and the principles of evidence-based medicine have been used to review research studies and generate practice guidelines.

In older practice ( and even among some orthographically conservative modern writers ) one may see examples such as élite and rôle.

Note that ritual purification was a common practice among peoples of the Palestine in this period and was thus not specific to the Essenes.

Others, including the Church of Sweden, practice episcopal polity ; the Church of Sweden also counts its bishops among the historic episcopate as do some American Lutheran churches like the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, Lutheran Orthodox Church, Lutheran Church-International, and the Lutheran Episcopal Communion.

Common practice among states at the beginning of the 20th century was that a woman was to have the nationality of her husband ; thus upon marrying a foreigner she would automatically acquire the nationality of her husband, and lose her own nationality.

Other reasons given for the practice among adolescent girls are peer-group pressure and as their introduction to sexual activity.

Leonard Kouba and Judith Muasher write that genitally-mutilated females have been found among Egyptian mummies, and that Herodotus ( c. 484 BCE – c. 425 BCE ) referred to the practice when he visited Egypt.

In order to carry out the fundamentalist program in practice, one would need a perfect understanding of the ancient language of the original text, if indeed the true text can be discerned from among variants.

Augustine did, however, recognise a phenomenon he called jubilation-sounds of exaltation without words ; commentators such as Richard Hogue speculate that the practice of singing in the spirit persisted in Augustine's era, although xenoglossia was no longer extant among Christian:

In his compositions, Rossini plagiarized freely from himself, a common practice among deadline-pressed opera composers of the time.

Since the minting of coins was a prerogative accorded in Islamic practice only to a sovereign, it can be considered that Osmanli became independent of the Mongol Khans.

In his book The Early Islamic Conquests ( 1981 ), Fred Donner argues that the standard Arabian practice at the time was for the prominent men of a kinship group, or tribe, to gather after a leader's death and elect a leader from amongst themselves.

These scholars influenced methods of research and editing, due in part to the Islamic practice of isnad which emphasized fidelity to written record, checking sources, and skeptical inquiry.

In Mauritania, where almost all the girls in minority communities undergo FGM, 34 Islamic scholars signed a fatwa in January 2010 banning the practice.

However, nearly every mosque assigns a muezzin for each prayer to say the adhan as it is a recommended practice or sunnah of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Two later attempts represented the enthusiasm of Libya's Muammar Gaddafi ; these were the Federation of Arab Republics which lasted five years and the Arab Islamic Republic which never emerged in practice.

An agreement between the TFG and the Islamic Courts Union ( ICU ) to build a national military was reached " in principle " on 5 September 2006, but in practice, political disagreements scuttled talks scheduled for 30 October in Khartoum, Sudan.

The concepts of welfare and pension were put into practice in the early Islamic law of the Caliphate as forms of Zakat ( charity ), one of the Five Pillars of Islam, since the time of the Rashidun caliph Umar in the 7th century.

There is controversy about the Islamic legality of this type of marriage since the Prophet Muhammad is said by Sunnis to have prohibited the practice after having temporarily allowed it.

In practice, unilateral divorce is only common in a few areas of the Islamic world.

In the context of Islamic Law Imam Malik and the Hanafi scholars are assumed to have differentiated between the two: for example Imam Malik is said to have rejected some traditions that reached him because, according to him, they were against the " established practice of the people of Medina ".

A number of Arabian trading banks, which practice an Islamic banking, are also present in the country.

Zakat, a practice initiated by the Islamic prophet Muhammad, has played an important role throughout Islamic history.

Ultimately, the practice of state-administered zakat was short-lived in the early Islamic history.

Although there is this special history of debate concerning reason and faith in the Islamic, Christian and Jewish traditions, the pursuit of reason is sometimes argued to be compatible with the other practice of other religions of a different nature, such as Hinduism, because they do not define their tenets in such an absolute way.

Non-Muslims were allowed to engage in religious practices that was usually forbidden by Islamic law, such as the consumption of alcohol and pork, as well as religious practices which Muslims found repugnant, such as the Zoroastrian practice of incestuous " self-marriage " where a man could marry his mother, sister or daughter.

According to the famous Islamic legal scholar Ibn Qayyim ( 1292 – 1350 ), non-Muslims had the right to engage in such religious practices even if it offended Muslims, under the conditions that such cases not be presented to Islamic Sharia courts and that these religious minorities believed that the practice in question is permissible according to their religion.

* In religious architecture, as in Islamic architecture, the prayer hall is a large room dedicated to the practice of the worship.

Although Islamic law is often interpreted as prohibiting all intoxicants ( not only alcohol ), the ancient practice of hashish smoking has continued throughout the history of Islam, against varying degrees of resistance.

Muhammad's face is veiled, a common practice in Islamic art.

Because the People of the Book recognize the God of Abraham as the one and only god, as do Muslims, and they practice revealed faiths based on divine ordinances, tolerance and autonomy is accorded to them in societies governed by sharia ( Islamic divine law ).

Non-Muslim People of the Book living in an Islamic nation under Sharia law were given a number of rights, such as the right to freely practice their faith in private and to receive state protection.

In the years since the rise of the Islamic religion, many Jews living in Muslim countries were forced to convert to Islam, such as the Mashhad Jews of Persia, who continued to practice Judaism in secret and eventually made an Aliyah ( return to Israel ).