* Argument principle, a theorem in complex analysis about meromorphic functions inside and on a closed contour

As a basic starting point it is normally assumed that, for the purposes of analysis, the general algorithm is known ; this is Shannon's Maxim " the enemy knows the system " -- in its turn, equivalent to Kerckhoffs ' principle.

The basic principle of dimensional analysis was known to Isaac Newton ( 1686 ) who referred to it as the " Great Principle of Similitude ".

The analysis of linear systems is possible because they satisfy a superposition principle: if u ( t ) and w ( t ) satisfy the differential equation for the vector field ( but not necessarily the initial condition ), then so will u ( t ) + w ( t ).

Further analysis of this process, known as electromagnetic induction, enabled him to state the principle, now known as Faraday's law of induction, that the potential difference induced in a closed circuit is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the loop.

This is a very elementary form of an uncertainty principle in a harmonic analysis setting.

The Huygens – Fresnel principle ( named after Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens and French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel ) is a method of analysis applied to problems of wave propagation both in the far-field limit and in near-field diffraction.

The use of velocity in the static analysis of a lever is an application of the principle of virtual work.

For example, in his 1997 book Numerology: Or What Pythagoras Wrought, mathematician Underwood Dudley uses the term to discuss practitioners of the Elliott wave principle of stock market analysis.

More generally, non-standard analysis is any form of mathematics that relies on non-standard models and the transfer principle.

A field which satisfies the transfer principle for real numbers is a hyperreal field, and non-standard real analysis uses these fields as non-standard models of the real numbers.

Syntactic non-standard analysis requires a great deal of care in applying the principle of set formation ( formally known as the axiom of comprehension ) which mathematicians usually take for granted.

Nutcrackers usually work on the principle of moments as described in Archimedes ' analysis of the lever.

Thus followed the line of Lomonosov and the contributions of the Russian school became more frequent through his disciples, and in the nineteenth century we have great geographers as Vasily Dokuchaev who performed works of great importance as a " principle of comprehensive analysis of the territory " and " Russian Chernozem " latter being the most important where introduces the geographical concept of soil, as distinct from a simple geological strata, and thus founding a new geographic area of study: the Pedology.

However, a more detailed analysis based on the Archimedean principle and the densities of magnesium and its combustion product shows that just being lighter than air cannot account for the increase in mass.

Deeper theorems from real analysis were not included, but by the end of the third volume it was clear to experts that a large amount of known mathematics could in principle be developed in the adopted formalism.

The Court noted that this analysis was " unsound in principle and unworkable in practice ", and rejected it without providing a replacement.

This systemic and geological analysis of living systems complements Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, which looks at each individual species, rather than at its relationship to a subsuming principle.

It is well known from the theory of Fourier analysis, or from the Heisenberg uncertainty principle ( in the case of quantum mechanics ) that a narrow range of wavelengths is necessary to produce a localized wave packet, and the more localized the envelope, the larger the spread in required wavelengths.

The wavelets forming a continuous wavelet transform ( CWT ) are subject to the uncertainty principle of Fourier analysis respective sampling theory: Given a signal with some event in it, one cannot assign simultaneously an exact time and frequency response scale to that event.

The application of hyperreal numbers and in particular the transfer principle to problems of analysis is called non-standard analysis.

BCT1 is used in functional analysis to prove the open mapping theorem, the closed graph theorem and the uniform boundedness principle.

An analysis of the Báb's writings throughout the three stages shows that all of his teachings were animated by a common principle that had multiple dimensions and forms.

General semantics considers all human behavior ( including all human decisions ) as, in principle, fully determined once all relevant doctrinal and linguistic factors are included in the analysis, regarding theories of ' free will ' as failing to include the doctrinal and linguistic environments as environments in the analysis of human behavior.

Almost febrile in intensity, the principle has become worldwide in application -- unfortunately at the very time that nationalist fervors can wreak greatest harm.

As an illustration of the principle of simplicity the heliocentric discovery has a peculiar appeal because it allows simplicity to be arithmetized ; ;

The greatest impact of the matching-fund principle has been in initially encouraging the poorest states and school districts to spend enough to obtain their full allocation of outside funds.

The acceptance of collective bargaining as a national policy in 1934, implicit in the writing of Section 7A of the National Industrial Recovery Act, has made it impolitic to oppose collective bargaining in principle.

gift, which has become a principle of justice.

( A formal proof for all finite sets would use the principle of mathematical induction to prove " for every natural number k, every family of k nonempty sets has a choice function.

The restricted principle " Every partially ordered set has a maximal totally ordered subset " is also equivalent to AC over ZF.

** Antichain principle: Every partially ordered set has a maximal antichain.

Nevertheless, one has to keep in mind that electrons are fermions ruled by the Pauli exclusion principle and cannot be distinguished from the other electrons in the atom.

This provision has been dormant since Queen Victoria ascended the throne, because she did not inherit Hanover under the Salic Laws of the German states, but in principle it could again become relevant in the future.

The principle it works on, the constant of simultaneity, is analogous in some ways to gravity ... One point has to be fixed, on a planet of certain mass, but the other end is portable.

Although this concept remains a guiding principle of the profession, it is a concept that has been widely critiqued within the conservation profession and is now considered by many to be " a fuzzy concept ".

Some proponents of the anthropic principle reason that it explains why the Universe has the age and the fundamental physical constants necessary to accommodate conscious life.

The term anthropic in " anthropic principle " has been argued to be a misnomer.

The anthropic principle has given rise to some confusion and controversy, partly because the phrase has been applied to several distinct ideas.

This principle has frequently been called the " Sapir – Whorf hypothesis ", after him and his mentor Edward Sapir, but Whorf called it the principle of linguistic relativity, because he saw the idea as having implications similar to Einstein's principle of physical relativity.

To this end, the cosmological principle has been confirmed to a level of 10 < sup >− 5 </ sup > via observations of the CMB.

Lionel Curtis, writing in the imperialist journal The Round Table, wrote: " If the British Commonwealth can only be preserved by such means, it would become a negation of the principle for which it has stood ".

According to one principle of classification, an emergent coastline is a coastline which has experienced a fall in sea level, because of either a global sea level change, or local uplift.

If a similar dispute has been resolved in the past, the court is bound to follow the reasoning used in the prior decision ( this principle is known as stare decisis ).

David Chalmers has argued that A-consciousness can in principle be understood in mechanistic terms, but that understanding P-consciousness is much more challenging: he calls this the hard problem of consciousness.

Fred Dretske has objected to the transitivity principle on the basis that we often experience mental states that are consciously different without being aware of the conscious different.