Boas developed the principle of cultural relativism and Malinowski developed the theory of functionalism as guides for producing non-ethnocentric studies of different cultures.

Another important principle of Ghana's foreign policy involves the closest possible cooperation with neighboring countries with which the people of Ghana share cultural history, ties of blood, and economics.

The UDHR included both economic, social and cultural rights and civil and political rights because it was based on the principle that the different rights could only successfully exist in combination:

The principle technique for inducing convergence is thought experiment, namely backcasting, enabling anyone to participate no matter what cultural background, religious doctrine, political affiliation or age demographic.

The principle of cultural relativism thus forced anthropologists to develop innovative methods and heuristic strategies.

Thus, Boas ' student Melville Herskovits summed up the principle of cultural relativism thus: " Judgements are based on experience, and experience is interpreted by each individual in terms of his own enculturation.

This conception of culture, and principle of cultural relativism, were for Kroeber and his colleagues the fundamental contribution of anthropology, and what distinguished anthropology from similar disciplines such as sociology and psychology.

But, according to Marcus and Fischer, when the principle of cultural relativism was popularized after World War II, it came to be understood " more as a doctrine, or position, than as a method.

Some fear that the principle of cultural relativity will weaken morality.

Steward and others argued that any attempt to apply the principle of cultural relativism to moral problems would only end in contradiction: either a principle that seems to stand for tolerance ends up being used to excuse intolerance, or the principle of tolerance is revealed to be utterly intolerant of any society that seems to lack the ( arguably, Western ) value of tolerance.

Although Steward and Barnett seemed to be suggesting that anthropology as such should restrict itself to purely academic affairs, people within and without the academy have continued to debate the ways non-anthropologists have used this principle in public policy concerning ethnic minorities or in international relations ( see this interview or this article on cultural relativism and human rights for examples of this debate ).

Although this formulation clearly echoes the kinds of example anthropologists used in elaborating cultural relativism, Renteln believes that it misses the spirit of the principle.

Her main argument is that in order to understand the principle of cultural relativism, one must recognize the extent to which it is based on enculturation: " the idea that people unconsciously acquire the categories and standards of their culture.

" This observation, which echoes the arguments about culture that originally led Boas to develop the principle, suggests that the use of cultural relativism in debates of rights and morals is not substantive but procedural.

For politicians, moralists, and many social scientists ( but few anthropologists ) who saw science and human interests as necessarily independent or even opposed, however, the earlier Boasian principle of cultural relativism was anathema.

Thus, Stanley Diamond argued that when the term " cultural relativism " entered popular culture, popular culture coopted anthropology in a way that voided the principle of any critical function:

" Xinhua also asserted that " the so-called ' truth, kindness and forbearance ' principle preached by Li has nothing in common with the socialist ethical and cultural progress we are striving to achieve ", and argued that it was necessary to crush Falun Gong in order to preserve the " vanguard role and purity " of the Communist Party.

This principle was affirmed since the founding of the SI in 1957, but the qualitative step of resolving all the contradictions of having situationists that make concessions to the cultural market, was made with the exclusion of Gruppe SPUR in 1962.

This principle has been largely adopted for understanding Taiwan ’ s cultural representation and expressed in a variety of cultural activities, including music, film and the literary and performing arts.

His biographer Sally Green noted that " his beliefs were never dogmatic, always idiosyncretic, and were continually changing throughout his life " but that " Marxist views on a model of the past were largely accepted by Childe offering as they do a structural analysis of culture in terms of economy, sociology and ideology, and a principle for cultural change through economy.

The preservation of a resource base, restoration of tribal self-management, and the active protection of taonga, both material and cultural, are necessary elements of the Crown ’ s policy of recognising rangatiratanga. The Government also recognised the Court of Appeal ’ s description of active protection, but identified the key concept of this principle as a right for iwi to organise as iwi and, under the law, to control the resources they own.

It also reveals that the principle of linguistic relativity was so named because because Whorf saw that idea of his as having similar implications as Einstein's principle of physical relativity.

This principle has frequently been called the " Sapir – Whorf hypothesis ", after him and his mentor Edward Sapir, but Whorf called it the principle of linguistic relativity, because he saw the idea as having implications similar to Einstein's principle of physical relativity.

Despite their embrace of the principle of rectilinear inertia and the recognition of the kinematical relativity of apparent motion ( which underlies whether the Ptolemaic or the Copernican system is correct ), natural philosophers of the seventeenth century continued to consider true motion and rest as physically separate descriptors of an individual body.

It was later realized that Einstein's model was just one of a larger set of possibilities, all of which were consistent with general relativity and the cosmological principle.

* the equivalence principle, whether or not Einstein's general theory of relativity is the correct theory of gravitation, and if the fundamental laws of physics are the same everywhere in the universe.

Bardini points out that Engelbart was strongly influenced by the principle of linguistic relativity developed by Benjamin Lee Whorf.

This part of his thinking was developed by his student Benjamin Lee Whorf into the principle of linguistic relativity or the " Sapir-Whorf " hypothesis.

Violation of locality is difficult to reconcile with special relativity, and is thought to be incompatible with the principle of causality.

The generalization of this statement, namely that the laws of special relativity hold to good approximation in freely falling ( and non-rotating ) reference frames, is known as the Einstein equivalence principle, a crucial guiding principle for generalizing special-relativistic physics to include gravity.

It thus satisfies a more stringent general principle of relativity, namely that the laws of physics are the same for all observers.

However, at the current level of accuracy, these observations cannot distinguish between general relativity and other theories in which the equivalence principle is valid.

The principle of simplicity can be used within Newtonian physics as well as in special relativity ; see Nagel and also Blagojević.

However, the principle of special relativity generalizes the notion of inertial frame to include all physical laws, not simply Newton's first law.

Newton enunciated a principle of relativity himself in one of his corollaries to the laws of motion:

The presence of fictitious forces indicates the physical laws are not the simplest laws available so, in terms of the special principle of relativity, a frame where fictitious forces are present is not an inertial frame:

For any inertial frame, the Coriolis force and the centrifugal force disappear, so application of the principle of special relativity would identify these frames where the forces disappear as sharing the same and the simplest physical laws, and hence rule that the rotating frame is not an inertial frame.

It is an accepted juridical principle in California that a Superior Court decision does not constitute a binding legal precedent.

Therefore, the third principle of the plan must be that it does not depend for effectiveness on engagement by the same types, unless at an assured favorable exchange rate.

Also, as we now know, bosons also have antiparticles, but since bosons do not obey the Pauli exclusion principle ( only fermions do ), hole theory does not work for them.

However, he does not immediately show what this principle might be.

In lawyer lingo, hornbook law or black letter law is a fundamental and well-accepted legal principle that does not require any further explanation, since a hornbook is a primer of basics.

Cardozo continues to adhere to the original principle of Winterbottom, that " absurd and outrageous consequences " must be avoided, and he does so by drawing a new line in the last sentence quoted above: " There must be knowledge of a danger, not merely possible, but probable.

Inflation answers the classic conundrum of the Big Bang cosmology: why does the universe appear flat, homogeneous, and isotropic in accordance with the cosmological principle when one would expect, on the basis of the physics of the Big Bang, a highly curved, heterogeneous universe?

The Vedic literature, Srimad-Bhagavatam, reject from its very beginning kaitava-dharma or false philosophy, thus it frankly speaks about the principle of material life, and it does have a meaningful relation to celibacy.

Second, he does not say that his existence is necessary ; he says that if he thinks, then necessarily he exists ( see the instantiation principle ).

Also, the cascading principle acknowledges that several low hurdles does not make a high hurdle.

This principle does not prevent the government from appealing a pre-trial motion to dismiss or other non-merits dismissal, or a directed verdict after a jury conviction, nor does it prevent the trial judge from entertaining a motion for reconsideration of a directed verdict, if the jurisdiction has so provided by rule or statute.

Nor does it prevent the government from retrying the defendant after an appellate reversal other than for sufficiency, including habeas, or " thirteenth juror " appellate reversals notwithstanding sufficiency on the principle that jeopardy has not " terminated.

The guiding principle for the qualification of Dublin Core elements, colloquially known as the Dumb-Down Principle, states that an application that does not understand a specific element refinement term should be able to ignore the qualifier and treat the metadata value as if it were an unqualified ( broader ) element.

Merleau-Ponty and others question whether Husserl here does not undercut his own position, in that Husserl had attacked in principle historicism, while specifically designing his phenomenology to be rigorous enough to transcend the limits of history.

This argument is embodied in the Copernican principle, which states that the Earth does not occupy a unique position in the Universe, and the mediocrity principle, which holds that there is nothing special about life on Earth.

The foundational principle of EVM, mentioned above, does not depend on the size or complexity of the project.

Unlike many object-oriented languages, but like Smalltalk, Eiffel does not permit any assignment into fields of objects, except within the features of an object, which is the practical application of the principle of information hiding or data abstraction, requiring formal interfaces for data mutation.

The Euclidean algorithm is based on the principle that the greatest common divisor of two numbers does not change if the smaller number is subtracted from the larger number.

The economist Walter Block observed critically that while The Road to Serfdom is " a war cry against central planning ," it does show some reservations with a free market system and laissez-faire capitalism, with Hayek even going so far as to say that " probably nothing has done so much harm to the liberal cause as the wooden insistence of some liberals on certain rules of thumb, above all the principle of laissez-faire.

" Nowadays, as Hezbollah scholar Magnus Ranstorp reports, Hezbollah does indeed have a formal governing structure, and in keeping with the principle of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists ( velayat-e faqih ), it " concentrate ... all authority and powers " in its religious leaders, whose decisions then " flow from the ulama down the entire community.

However, this article provides an interesting discussion of the limitations of the principle and also of different scientists ' views as to whether it is an accurate representation of reality or whether " Huygens ' principle actually does give the right answer but for the wrong reasons ".

Jewish law includes several considerations whose effects are similar to those of modern intellectual property laws, though the notion of intellectual creations as property does not seem to exist – notably the principle of Hasagat Ge ' vul ( unfair encroachment ) was used to justify limited-term publisher ( but not author ) copyright in the 16th century.