This is the principle for nuclear reactors and atomic bombs.

In principle, the atomic mass situation is analogous to the above example of Roman mass units.

In principle, an atomic structure could be determined from applying X-ray scattering to non-crystalline samples, even to a single molecule.

In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, the nuclear shell model is a model of the atomic nucleus which uses the Pauli exclusion principle to describe the structure of the nucleus in terms of energy levels.

Thus, Schleiden and Schwann became the first to formulate what was then an informal belief as a principle of biology equal in importance to the atomic theory of chemistry.

EELS has historically been a more difficult technique but is in principle capable of measuring atomic composition, chemical bonding, valence and conduction band electronic properties, surface properties, and element-specific pair distance distribution functions.

The basic principle that allows the device to operate is the fact that a caesium atom can exist in any of nine energy levels, which can be informally thought of as the placement of electron atomic orbitals around the atomic nucleus.

However, aside from formulating the Hardy – Weinberg principle in population genetics, his famous work on integer partitions with his collaborator Ramanujan, known as the Hardy – Ramanujan asymptotic formula, has been widely applied in physics to find quantum partition functions of atomic nuclei ( first used by Niels Bohr ) and to derive thermodynamic functions of non-interacting Bose-Einstein systems.

The Uncertainty Principle is a mathematical principle that follows from the quantum mechanical definition of the operators of momentum and position ( namely, the lack of commutativity between them ) and that explains the behavior of the universe at atomic and subatomic scales.

The book The Part and the Whole, written by Werner Heisenberg, the German physicist who discovered the uncertainty principle, tells, from his point of view, the history of exploring atomic science and quantum mechanics in the first half of the 20th century.

This principle was used to distinguish between atoms of silicon, tin and lead on an alloy surface, by comparing these ' atomic fingerprints ' to values obtained from large-scale density functional theory ( DFT ) simulations.

The principle Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaties of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992.

The astronomical discoveries of Tycho Brahe ( 1546 – 1601 ), Ludwig A. Colding's ( 1815 – 1888 ) neglected articulation of the principle of conservation of energy, and the brilliant contributions to atomic physics of Niels Bohr ( 1885 – 1962 ) indicate the range of Danish scientific achievement.

The brilliant contributions to atomic physics of Niels Bohr ( 1885 – 1962 ), the contributions to linguistics by Otto Jespersen ( 1860 – 1943 ), Ludwig A. Colding's ( 1815 – 1888 ) neglected articulation of the principle of conservation of energy, the pioneering work in anatomy and geology by Nicolas Steno ( 1638 – 1686 ), and the astronomical discoveries of Tycho Brahe ( 1546 – 1601 ) and Ole Rømer ( 1644-1710 ) indicate the range of Danish scientific achievement.

As a result of Hund's rule, constraints are placed on the way atomic orbitals are filled using the Aufbau principle.

The principle of abstraction is given, and thus classes can be formed out of all individuals satisfying any statement of first order logic whose atomic sentences all involve either the membership relation or predicates definable from membership.

Its characterization capabilities are due in large part to the fundamental principle that each element has a unique atomic structure allowing unique set of peaks on its X-ray spectrum.

The Peace Garden was created as a memorial to the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, as well as the " commitment of Torontonians to the principle of world peace.

In the conversation after the group of detainees had listened to the BBC radio news on dropping of the atomic bomb on 6 August 1945, Weizsäcker said: " I believe the reason we didn't do it was because all the physicists didn't want to do it, on principle.

The emergence of complementarity in a system occurs when one considers the circumstances under which one attempts to measure its properties ; as Bohr noted, the principle of complementarity " implies the impossibility of any sharp separation between the behaviour of atomic objects and the interaction with the measuring instruments that serve to define the conditions under which the phenomena appear.

A version of the Aufbau principle can also be used to predict the configuration of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus.

Mathematically, this is represented as a ' hopping integral ' or ' transfer integral ' between neighboring atoms, which can be viewed as the physical principle that creates electron bands in crystalline materials, due to overlapping between atomic orbitals.

Hober Mallow, one of the Foundation's Traders, who were essentially economic pioneers who attempted to open doorways for the priesthood by getting foreign governments to accept atomic technology, saw that the religion had reached the end of its usefulness and began to operate on the principle of trade alone, selling atomic technology without spreading the religion along with them.

Round observed light emission when electric current passed through silicon carbide crystals, the principle behind the light emitting diode.

The reinterpretation principle asserts that a tachyon sent back in time can always be reinterpreted as a tachyon traveling forward in time, because observers cannot distinguish between the emission and absorption of tachyons.

Although absorption spectroscopy and emission spectroscopy are different in principle, they are closely related in practice ; any technique for emission spectroscopy can also be used for absorption spectroscopy.

Common problems with all field emission devices, particularly those that operate in " industrial vacuum conditions " is that the emission performance can be degraded by the adsorption of gas atoms arriving from elsewhere in the system, and the emitter shape can be in principle be modified deleteriously by a variety of unwanted subsidiary processes, such as bombardment by ions created by the impact of emitted electrons onto gas-phase atoms and / or onto the surface of counter-electrodes.

Other medical imaging techniques such as computerized axial tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or positron emission tomography do not utilize the echo-location principle.

The underlying principle of the intense pulses from the X-ray laser lies in the principle of self-amplified stimulated emission ( SASE ), which leads to the microbunching of the electrons.

This light emission is based on the nonlinear optical principle.

Albert Einstein in 1916 used this principle in a background for his quantum theory of emission and absorption of radiation.

It was derived by Einstein ( 1905 ) as a consequence of the relativity principle, that inertia of energy is actually represented by, but in contrast to Poincaré's 1900-paper, Einstein recognized that matter itself loses or gains mass during the emission or absorption.

" best available techniques " shall mean the most effective and advanced stage in the development of activities and their methods of operation which indicate the practical suitability of particular techniques for providing in principle the basis for emission limit values designed to prevent and, where that is not practicable, generally to reduce emissions and the impact on the environment as a whole:

Although computing a power spectrum from a map is in principle a simple Fourier transform, decomposing the map of the sky into spherical harmonics, in practice it is hard to take the effects of noise and foreground sources into account.

The limit for long wavelengths is the size of the universe itself, while it is thought that the short wavelength limit is in the vicinity of the Planck length, although in principle the spectrum is infinite and continuous.

The core principle of spread spectrum is the use of noise-like carrier waves, and, as the name implies, bandwidths much wider than that required for simple point-to-point communication at the same data rate.

The Fellgett advantage, also known as the multiplex principle, states that when obtaining a spectrum when measurement noise is dominated by detector noise ( which is independent of the power of radiation incident on the detector ), a multiplex spectrometer such as a Fourier transform spectrometer will produce a relative improvement in signal-to-noise ratio, compared to an equivalent scanning monochromator, of the order of the square root of m, where m is the number of sample points comprising the spectrum.

An Aristotelian could take a position on the spectrum between the view that the non-existence of the void was just a brute fact ( like the non-existence of unicorns ) or it was a high principle of physics ( like conservation of energy ).

Religion is visible as an organising principle particularly for Islamic states, whereas secularism sits at the other end of the spectrum, with the separation of state and religion being responsible for the Liberal international relations theory.

In particular, the parties at the ends of the political spectrum argue that this secrecy is contrary to the principle of transparency.

It has been proposed that in principle, one can couple weakly the system – say, an oscillator – to a bath, i. e., an assembly of many oscillators in thermal equilibrium with a broad band spectrum, and trace ( average ) over the bath.

This example discusses the general principle using Visible spectrum | visible light as a specific example.

Sunyaev and Zel ’ dovich stated in their 1970 paper, “ A detailed investigation of the spectrum of fluctuations may, in principle, lead to an understanding of the nature of initial density perturbations since a distinct periodic dependence of the spectral density of perturbations on wavelength ( mass ) is peculiar to adiabatic perturbations .” CMB experiments have now seen this distinctive scale in temperature and polarization measurements.

First, by mapping redshifted 21 centimeter radiation it can, in principle, provide a very precise picture of the matter power spectrum in the period after recombination.

In 1913, Niels Bohr identified the correspondence principle and used it to formulate a model of the Hydrogen atom which explained the line spectrum.

This example discusses the general principle using Visible spectrum | visible light as specific example.

Modern CDMA and TDMA systems are more complex: A channel in TDMA is a frequency pair, and a time slot, and a channel in CDMA is a spread spectrum key but the principle of channel reuse still applies.

Diquarks are the conceptual building blocks, and as such give scientists an ordering principle for the most important states in the hadronic spectrum.

Advocates for causes across the political spectrum use this phrase in attempting to engage in persuasion, particularly by contrasting some situation which has been allowed to continue for pragmatic or social reasons, but which those advocating action regard as being wrong in principle.