Encouraged, however, by letters signed by the rabbis of Argentière and Lunel, and particularly by the support of Kalonymus ben Todros, the nasi of Narbonne, and of the eminent Talmudist Asheri of Toledo, Ben Adret issued a decree, signed by thirty-three rabbis of Barcelona, excommunicating those who should, within the next fifty years, study physics or metaphysics before their thirtieth year of age ( basing his action on the principle laid down by Maimonides, Guide for the Perplexed part one chapter 34 ), and had the order promulgated in the synagogue on Sabbath, July 26, 1305.

The anthropic principle is often criticized for lacking falsifiability and therefore critics of the anthropic principle may point out that the anthropic principle is a non-scientific concept, even though the weak anthropic principle, " conditions that are observed in the universe must allow the observer to exist ", is " easy " to support in mathematics and philosophy, i. e. it is a tautology or truism

Copernicus himself was mainly motivated by technical dissatisfaction with the earlier system and not by support for any mediocrity principle.

Siting weapons this way is an example of the application of the defensive principle of mutual support.

This has led a number of environmentalists to support the use of the precautionary principle in policy making, which ultimately asserts that we don ’ t know how certain actions may affect the environment, and because there is reason to believe they may cause more harm than good we should refrain from such actions.

Douglas, hoping to achieve the support of the Southerners, publicly announced that the same principle that had been established in the Compromise of 1850 should apply in Nebraska.

The practical necessity that a programming language support adequate abstractions is expressed by the abstraction principle ; this principle is sometimes formulated as recommendation to the programmer to make proper use of such abstractions.

Non-Sabbatarianism, the principle of Christian liberty from being bound to physical Sabbath observance, has significant historical support.

Xeer is defined by a few fundamental tenets that are immutable and which closely approximate the principle of jus cogens in international law: These precepts include: a ) payment of blood money ( locally referred to as diya ) for libel, theft, physical harm, rape and death, as well as supplying assistance to relatives ; b ) assuring good inter-clan relations by treating women justly, negotiating with " peace emissaries " in good faith, and sparing the lives of socially protected groups " Birr Magaydo ," ( e. g. children, women, the pious, poets, messengers, sheikhs, and guests ); c ) family obligations such as the payment of dowry, and sanctions for eloping ; d ) rules pertaining to the management of resources such as the use of pasture land, water, and other natural resources ; e ) providing financial support to married female relatives and newlyweds ; f ) donating livestock and other assets to the poor.

He quoted the Bible in support of his argument, specifically the general principle that " thou shalt love thy neighbor.

The height of the column was then limited to the maximum weight that atmospheric pressure could support ; this is the limiting height of a suction pump, and the same as the maximum height of a siphon, which operates by the same principle.

In the ensuing Canadian federal election, 1926, King appealed for public support of the constitutional principle that the Governor General must accept the advice of his ministers, though this principle was at most only customary.

His support from Arab leaders tended to increase whenever he was pressured by Israel ; for example, when Israel declared in 2003 it had made the decision, in principle, to remove him from the Israeli-controlled West Bank.

The capacity of the proposed Stadium was later adjusted to first 35, 000 and then 38, 000 and the organising bodies of all three sports-Irish FA, Ulster Rugby and Ulster GAA-agreed in principle to support the integrated scheme.

Adams agreed to support this pact in principle, but the Council rejected it, replacing Adams as Chairman

In jurisdictions adopting the ' no-fault ' principle in divorce proceedings, some courts may still take into account the behaviour of the parties when dividing property, debts, evaluating custody, and support — facts that almost always have considerable weight in fault proceedings.

Eric Raymond extends this principle in support of open source security software, saying, " Any security software design that doesn't assume the enemy possesses the source code is already untrustworthy ; therefore, never trust closed source.

Out of Canada's three most prominent political parties, neither the Liberal Party nor the Conservative Party is officially in favour of abolishing the monarchy ( though the latter makes support for constitutional monarchy a founding principle in its policy declaration ) and the New Democratic Party ( NDP ) has no official position on the role of the Crown.

Lê Duẩn's blueprint for revolution in the South was approved in principle, but implementation was conditional on winning international support and on modernizing the army, which was expected to take at least until 1959.

In 1961 the first important legislative victory of the Kennedy Administration came when the principle of national responsibility for local economic distress won out over a `` state's-responsibility '' proposal -- provision was made for payment for unemployment relief by nation-wide taxation rather than by a levy only on those states afflicted with manpower surplus.

For better or for worse, we all now live in welfare states, the organizing principle of which is collective responsibility for individual well-being.

I fled, however, not from what might have been the natural fear of being unable to disguise from you that the things about my bridegroom -- in the sense you meant the word `` things '' -- which you had been galvanizing yourself to tell me as a painful part of your maternal duty were things which I had already insisted upon finding out for myself ( despite, I may now say, the unspeakable awkwardness of making the discovery on principle, yes, on principle, and in cold blood ) because I was resolved, as a modern woman, not to be a mollycoddle waiting for Life but to seize Life by the throat.

introduction of the `` dialogue '' principle proved strikingly effective at the thirty-fourth annual meeting of the Catholic Association for International Peace in Washington the last weekend in October.

The guiding principle indeed should not be anything like compensation for individual services.

Therefore the second principle of the plan must be that, while providing for all-out hostilities, its effectiveness is not dependent on general war.

Therefore, the third principle of the plan must be that it does not depend for effectiveness on engagement by the same types, unless at an assured favorable exchange rate.

Therefore, the fourth principle of the plan must be that it provide for continuously increasing capabilities in the opponent.

The principle of optimality thus brings a vital organization into the search for the optimal policy of a multistage decision process.

Since by the principle of optimality the remaining stages use an optimal Af-stage policy with respect to Af, we may enter section Af of the table at this state Af and read off the optimal policy for stage Af and the resulting state Af.

Moreover, Moscow appeared determined to apply the tripartite veto principle to the executive organs of all international bodies, including the U. N. Secretariat and the International Control Commission for Laos.

`` You see, first of all and in a sense as the source of all other ills, the unshakeable American commitment to the principle of unconditional surrender: The tendency to view any war in which we might be involved not as a means of achieving limited objectives in the way of changes in a given status quo, but as a struggle to the death between total virtue and total evil, with the result that the war had absolutely to be fought to the complete destruction of the enemy's power, no matter what disadvantages or complications this might involve for the more distant future ''.

But he would fight for his own liberty rather than for any abstract principle connected with it -- such as `` cause ''.

Altruism () is the principle or practice of concern for the welfare of others.

He identified four major motives for altruism: altruism to ultimately benefit the self ( egoism ), to ultimately benefit the other person ( altruism ), to benefit a group ( collectivism ), or to uphold a moral principle ( principlism ).

( A formal proof for all finite sets would use the principle of mathematical induction to prove " for every natural number k, every family of k nonempty sets has a choice function.

Despite these facts, most mathematicians accept the axiom of choice as a valid principle for proving new results in mathematics.

What we will be sacrificing in any such arrangement will be our power to be selective which is contained in the reciprocal trade principle under which we now operate.

To do this, it is sufficient to point out that if the principle in terms of which alternatives are to be conceived is such as to exclude more than two, then the question of a `` third '' possibility is a meaningless question.

Such a decision should have placed a powerful weapon in the hands of the entire housing industry, but there is little evidence that realtors, or at least their associations, have repudiated the principle in such clauses.

He contends this idea doesn't conflict with experiments on which the principle of conservation of matter and energy is based because some slight error must be assumed in such experiments.

A life of gentility and principle such as Cousin Elec had lived had to be known at first hand.

Some early scientists such as Georg Ernst Stahl ( 1659-1734 ) and Francisque Bouillier ( 1813 – 1899 ) had supported a form of animism which life and mind, the directive principle in evolution and growth, holding that all cannot be traced back to chemical and mechanical processes, but that there is a directive force which guides energy without altering its amount.

This principle extended down to the secretaries and undersecretaries who served as assistants to magistrates such as the archons.

Critics of the SAP argue in favor of a weak anthropic principle ( WAP ) similar to the one defined by Brandon Carter, which states that the universe's ostensible fine tuning is the result of selection bias: i. e., only in a universe capable of eventually supporting life will there be living beings capable of observing any such fine tuning, while a universe less compatible with life will go unbeheld.

In principle and in academic use, an arbitrage is risk-free ; in common use, as in statistical arbitrage, it may refer to expected profit, though losses may occur, and in practice, there are always risks in arbitrage, some minor ( such as fluctuation of prices decreasing profit margins ), some major ( such as devaluation of a currency or derivative ).

Consequently, Bahá ' ís were unable to obtain government identification documents ( such as national identification cards, birth certificates, death certificates, marriage or divorce certificates, or passports ) necessary to exercise their rights in their country unless they lied about their religion, which conflicts with Bahá ' í religious principle.

In principle, a BIOS in ROM is customized to the particular manufacturer's hardware, allowing low-level services ( such as reading a keystroke or writing a sector of data to diskette ) to be provided in a standardized way to an operating system.

" Even some complex " medical devices " ( see below ) can reasonably be deemed " biotechnology " depending on the degree to which such elements are central to their principle of operation.

However, since Cardinal Quignonez's attempt to reform the Breviary employed this principle — albeit with no regard to the traditional scheme — such notions had floated around in the western Church, and can particularly be seen in the Paris Breviary.

Lionel Curtis, writing in the imperialist journal The Round Table, wrote: " If the British Commonwealth can only be preserved by such means, it would become a negation of the principle for which it has stood ".

In almost all areas of the law ( even those where there is a statutory framework, such as contracts for the sale of goods, or the criminal law ), legislature-enacted statutes generally give only terse statements of general principle, and the fine boundaries and definitions exist only in the common law ( connotation 1 ).

According to some versions of functionalism, even non-human systems, such as other animal species, alien life forms, or advanced computers can, in principle, have mental states.

In some cases this opposition has a more ideological basis: some members of the Vehicular Cycling movement oppose segregated public facilities, such as on-street bike lanes, on principle.

In many cases, such as the cabinet-directed prohibition on foreign ownership for broadcasters and the legislated principle of the predominance of Canadian content, these acts and orders often leave the CRTC less room to change policy than critics sometimes suggest, and the result is that the commission is often the lightning rod for policy criticism that could arguably be better directed at the government itself.

The convention also offers decision-makers guidance based on the precautionary principle that where there is a threat of significant reduction or loss of biological diversity, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to avoid or minimize such a threat.

Other dominions adopted this principle such as New Zealand, by way of the British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act of 1948.

They come in various forms, such as the one pictured, and are often used in science museums to illustrate " radiation pressure " – a scientific principle that they do not in fact demonstrate.

The uncertainty principle is ultimately a theorem about such commutators, by virtue of the Robertson – Schrödinger relation.

In other cases, such as the Nupe of Nigeria, the Beni Amer of East Africa, and the Tira of Sudan, the exclusionary principle has been driven by evolving social factors.