In the 1960s and 1970s the term radical psychology was used by psychologists to denote a branch of the field which rejected conventional psychology's focus on the individual as the basic unit of analysis and sole source of psychopathology.

Some refer to this political activity as a separate and radical branch of the ecology movement, one that takes the axioms of the science of ecology in general, and Gaia theory in particular, and raises them to a kind of theory of personal conduct or moral code.

In response to the growing reaction of the government, a radical branch of the Narodniks advocated and practiced terrorism.

A more radical branch of the Tunisian Kharijites, the Sofrists, however manages to take the city soon after.

In one scheme, a first branch of cubism, known as Analytic Cubism, was both radical and influential as a short but highly significant art movement between 1907 and 1911 in France.

According to historian Juan Cole it was under Sunni rule that Twelver Shiaism became established in Bahrain, as Shia Bahrainis gradually moved away from the radical, egalitarian Ismaili Qarmatian sect to the more quietist Twelver or Imami branch, a process which the Sunni rulers encouraged.

In mathematics, more specifically ring theory, a branch of abstract algebra, the Jacobson radical of a ring R is an ideal which consists of those elements in R which annihilate all simple right R-modules.

In 1857 he was elected into the legislative branch ( Generalrat ) of the city of Neuchâtel for the radical party, which is now the Free Democratic Party of Switzerland.

In commutative ring theory, a branch of mathematics, the radical of an ideal I is an ideal such that an element x is in the radical if some power of x is in I.

Asked why he did not leave Jerusalem for Tel Aviv, he later said, “ Tel Aviv was not radical enough – only the kibbutz was radical enough .” However by his own account he was “ a disaster as a laborer ... the joke of the kibbutz .” When Oz first began to write, the kibbutz gave him one day a week to write ; when his book “ My Michael ” became a best-seller, and he had become “ a branch of the farm ”, three days ; and in the eighties he had four days for writing, while teaching for two days and taking turns as a waiter in the kibbutz dining hall on Saturdays .”

In ring theory, a branch of mathematics, a radical of a ring is an ideal of " bad " elements of the ring.

The Latin American branch of Christian Communist Liberation Theology, according to theologians such as Leonardo Boff ; is rooted in the concept that " prudence is the understanding of situations of radical crisis ".

When Ross and the Cherokee delegation failed in their efforts to protect Cherokee lands through dealings with the executive branch and Congress, Ross took the radical step of defending Cherokee rights through the U. S. courts.

A radical branch of Religious Zionism, Kahanism, was founded by the Rabbi Meir Kahane.

They met in London in September when Dunn asked about setting up a Scottish branch of the HLRS ; Grey was less than enthusiastic, having experienced difficulties with the much more radical and grass-roots-based North-Western Homosexual Law Reform Committee, which was later to become the Campaign for Homosexual Equality ( CHE ).

Turkish scholar Abdülbaki Gölpinarli sees even the Kizilbash of the 16th century-a radical Shī ‘ a movement in Persia which helped the Safavid dynasty establish this branch of Islam as the dominant religion of Iran-as " spiritual descendants of the Khurramites " and, hence, of the Mazdakites.

However, in the late 1990s the city underwent a major transformation with the establishment in the city of several industrial and services firms, the reintroduction of commercial wine production, the opening of a local branch of the University of León offering several undergraduate degrees, and in general a radical improvement of the town's infrastructure.

In the 1920s, the city was a center of activism for the Communist Party of Indonesia ( PKI ), and the radical leaders of the Tegal branch of the PKI were among the instigators of the 1926 rebellion that led to the temporary destruction of that party.

Finally, Bettelheim called into doubt the socialist character of the October Revolution, interpreting it as a seizing of power by a radical branch of the Russian intelligentsia, which " confiscated " a popular revolution.

There were three competing views on which direction France should go, embodied by three political parties: the moderate royalists or Feuillants, republican Girondists, and the more radical Montagnards, led by Maximilien Robespierre.

As the war proceeded, it was clear that Essex and Manchester were at best half-hearted in pursuing the fight against the royalists, an attitude that became ever more apparent as the struggle became more radical.

Counter-revolutionaries such as royalists were purged as well as more radical revolutionaries such as the Levellers.

The reactive oxygen species produced in cells include hydrogen peroxide ( H < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 2 </ sub >), hypochlorous acid ( HClO ), and free radicals such as the hydroxyl radical (· OH ) and the superoxide anion ( O < sub > 2 </ sub >< sup >−</ sup >).

After Heine's German birthplace of Düsseldorf had rejected, allegedly for anti-Semitic motives, a centennial monument to the radical German-Jewish poet ( 1797 – 1856 ), his incensed German-American admirers, including Carl Schurz, started a movement to place one instead in Midtown Manhattan, at Fifth Avenue and 59th Street.

* Blitz ( movement ), a radical youth movement in Norway

For example, an " X " is used to indicate a variable group amongst a class of compounds ( though usually a halogen ), while " R " is used for a radical, meaning a compound structure such as a hydrocarbon chain.

In 1679 Pope Innocent XI publicly condemned sixty-five of the more radical propositions ( stricti mentalis ), taken chiefly from the writings of Escobar, Suarez and other casuists as propositiones laxorum moralistarum and forbade anyone to teach them under penalty of excommunication.

Accordingly, the radical and influential Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy greatly enlarged the Ciconiiformes, adding many more families, including most of those usually regarded as belonging to the Sphenisciformes ( penguins ), Gaviiformes ( divers ), Podicipediformes ( grebes ), Procellariiformes ( tubenosed seabirds ), Charadriiformes, ( waders, gulls, terns and auks ), Pelecaniformes ( pelicans, cormorants, gannets and allies ), and the Falconiformes ( diurnal birds of prey ).

* Compound ( linguistics ), a word that consists of more than one radical element

In the case of neutral-neutral reactions ( i. e., not involving any charged species, ions ), these type of barrier-free reactions usually involve free radical species such as molecular oxygen ( O2 ), the cyanide radical ( CN ) or the hydroxyl radical ( OH ).

The band's album debut, Tin Machine ( 1989 ), was initially popular, though its politicised lyrics did not find universal approval: Bowie described one song as " a simplistic, naive, radical, laying-it-down about the emergence of neo-Nazis "; in the view of biographer Christopher Sandford, " It took nerve to denounce drugs, fascism and TV [...] in terms that reached the literary level of a comic book.

A graduate of Mount Holyoke College ( then called Mount Holyoke Female Seminary ), she worked on a radical feminist publication named Alpha while living in Washington, D. C.

These included strikes against leading Jordanian politicians, as a means of exacting vengeance and raising the price for attacking the Palestinian movement ; and also, most controversially, for " international operations " ( e. g. the Munich Olympics attack ), intended both to put pressure on the US, European countries and Israel, and to raise the visibility of the Palestinian cause, and to upstage radical rivals such as the PFLP.

The French Revolution (; 1789 – 1799 ), was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France that had a major impact on France and throughout the rest of Europe.

The Shiite and Sunni religious conflicts since the 7th century created an opening for radical ideologists, such as Ali Shariati ( 1933 – 77 ), to merge social revolution with Islamic fundamentalism, as exemplified by Iran in the 1970s.

* Aronowitz, Stanley, The Crisis in Historical Materialism, ( American criticism of orthodox Marxism and argument for a more radical version of historical materialism that sticks closer to Marx by changing itself to keep up with changes in the historical situation ), 1981

As the influential result of his position as the chief cartoon artist for Punch ( published 1841 – 1992, 1996 – 2002 ), John Tenniel, through satirical, often radical and at times vitriolic images of the world, for five decades was and remained Great Britain ’ s steadfast social witness to the sweeping national changes in that nation ’ s moment of political and social reform.

He is probably best known today for his historical work on the British radical movements in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, in particular The Making of the English Working Class ( 1963 ).

David Carr of Yale University commented in 1970 on Husserl's following: " It is well known that Husserl was always disappointed at the tendency of his students to go their own way, to embark upon fundamental revisions of phenomenology rather than engage in the communal task " as originally intended by the radical new science.

Greenwich Village was also home to one of the many safe houses used by the radical anti-war movement known as the Weather Underground.

James Northcote, William Godwin, oil on canvas, 1802, the National Portrait Gallery ( London ) | National Portrait Gallery, William Godwin, a radical liberalism | liberal and utilitarian was one of the first to espouse what became known as individualist anarchism.

Originating in the 1770s, the Jeannot party formed around the radical lawyer and Connétable, Jean Dumaresq, who opposed the cabal of Jurats who surrounded Lieutenant-Bailiff Charles Lemprière ( whose supporters became known as the Charlot party ).

Towards the end of Charles ' reign those with more radical Presbyterian opinions, known as the Covenanters, who favoured rejecting all compromise with the state, began to move away from religious dissent to outright political sedition.

" He became involved with a group of radical thinkers known as the Young Hegelians, who gathered around Ludwig Feuerbach and Bruno Bauer.

They attracted other young people with radical political ideas around them, forming a society known as the New People's Study Society who debated Chen Duxiu's ideas.

Academic Alice Echols, in her 1989 book Daring To Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967 – 1975, argued that radical feminist Valerie Solanas, best known for her attempted murder of Andy Warhol in 1968, displayed an extreme level of misandry compared to other radical feminists of the time in her tract, The SCUM Manifesto.

A group of radical socialist Australians in the 1890s voluntarily went to create a failed master-planned community, known as Nueva ( New ) Australia ; and Elisabeth Nietzsche, a German racial ideologist and sister of philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche came to Paraguay in her attempt to build a colony, Nueva Germania ( Neues Deutschland ) devoted to a hypothetical pure white " Nordic " society in the 1890s.

On 27 July Maximilien Robespierre, known in Republican circles as " the Incorruptible " for his ascetic dedication to his ideals, made his entrance, quickly becoming the most influential member of the Committee as it moved to take radical measures against the Revolution's domestic and foreign enemies.

At the same time, Ti-Grace Atkinson led " a radical split-off from NOW ", which became known as The Feminists.

The SLA formed as a result of the prison visitation programs of the radical left-wing group Venceremos Organization and a group known as the Black Cultural Association in Soledad prison.

One of the organisers of these demonstrations was the well known radical left wing LSE student Tariq Ali.

After Butt's death the Home Rule Movement, or the Irish Parliamentary Party as it had become known, was turned into a major political force under the guidance of William Shaw and in particular a radical young Protestant landowner, Charles Stewart Parnell.

This case, which came to be known as the Persons Case, had important ramifications not just for women's rights but also because in overturning the case, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council engendered a radical change in the Canadian judicial approach to the Canadian constitution, an approach that has come to be known as the " living tree doctrine ".

Jim Thornton, formerly Cray's engineering partner on earlier designs, had started a more radical project known as the CDC STAR-100.

Having joined Brabham in 1978 for a $ 1 million salary, Lauda endured two unsuccessful seasons, notable mainly for his one race in the Brabham BT46B, a radical design known as the Fan Car: it won its first race, but Brabham did not use the car in F1 again, not wanting the car to be banned outright.

So inflated had this association grown, that in the work of orientalist scholars such as Bernard Lewis, the Ismailis were equated to the politically active fida ' is and thus regarded as a radical and heretical sect known as the Assassins.

Thus the Nizari Ismaili community was regarded as a radical and heretical sect known as the Assassins.

The San Francisco group known as the Diggers articulated an influential radical criticism of contemporary mass consumer society, and so they opened free stores which simply gave away their stock, provided free food, distributed free drugs, gave away money, organized free music concerts, and performed works of political art.

Valerie Jean Solanas ( April 9, 1936 – April 25, 1988 ) was an American radical feminist writer who is best known for her assassination attempt on artist Andy Warhol.