Standards require the scientific method to be applied throughout, and bias will be controlled for or eliminated through randomization, fair sampling procedures, blinding of studies, and other methods.

The pile shuffle does not provide any randomization of the cards, since for any number of piles the right number of repetitions will bring the deck back to its original state, though this can be improved slightly by dealing to the piles in a random order each circuit.

By the many-worlds interpretation of quantum physics, the quantum randomization spawns ( where N is the number of random bits ) universes and one of these will be such that this single shuffle had produced the list in sorted order.

Disadvantages of this technique include the time required to precompute these addresses every time the shared libraries change, the inability to use address space layout randomization, and the requirement of sufficient virtual address space for use ( a problem that will be alleviated by the adoption of 64-bit architectures, at least for the time being ).

This means if an attacker knows the address of one library, he can derive the locations of all other libraries ; however, it is notable that there are more serious problems if the attacker can derive the location of a library in the first place, and extra randomization will not likely help that.

This will allow randomization throughout the monitoring of the species.

The randomization was stopped so all patients enrolling on the trial will receive the antibody therapy.

* 2005-2010: The current German NB2004 randomization will include MIBG therapy and randomize topotecan use in up-front therapy and will accrue a total of 642 for all risk groups ( roughly half will be high-risk ).

In contrast, randomization implies that for each covariate, the mean for each group is expected to be the same.

For example, if an experiment compares a new drug against a standard drug, then the patients should be allocated to either the new drug or to the standard drug control using randomization.

Information was then separately encoded and folded into the signal as a high-frequency modification to produce a composite video signal – on a black and white television this extra information would be seen as a slight randomization of the image intensity, but the limited resolution of existing sets made this invisible in practice.

Color information was then separately encoded and folded into the signal as a high-frequency modification to produce a composite video signal – on a black and white television this extra information would be seen as a slight randomization of the image intensity, but the limited resolution of existing sets made this invisible in practice.

But generative art can also be made using systems of chemistry, biology, mechanics and robotics, smart materials, manual randomization, mathematics, data mapping, symmetry, tiling, and more.

The randomization is not essential here — if we contacted 100 people by phone and obtained each person's age and gender, and then used a two-sample t-test to see whether the mean ages differ by gender, this would also be an independent samples t-test, even though the data are observational.

Combined with stack randomization, the effect can be quite astounding ; if every person in the world ( assuming 6 billion total ) attacks the system once, roughly 1 to 2 should succeed on a 32-bit system.

For those that hadn't upgraded, the flaw could be worked around by disabling SEGMEXEC NX bit emulation and RANDEXEC randomization of the executable base.

In computational complexity theory, the complexity class FP is the set of function problems which can be solved by a deterministic Turing machine in polynomial time ; it is the function problem version of the decision problem class P. Roughly speaking, it is the class of functions that can be efficiently computed on classical computers without randomization.

Another is randomization, which consists of letting all choices be determined by a random number generator.

For 32-bit systems ASLR provides little benefit since there are only 16 bits available for randomization, and they can be defeated by brute force in a matter of minutes.

Characters were said to have their own agendas and allegiances in addition to randomization of various settings of the game upon startup in order to make it less predictable ; a character who was allied with the player in one game could be their enemy in the next.

For 32-bit systems at 2004 computer speeds which have 16 bits for address randomization, Shacham and co-workers state "… 16 bits of address randomization can be defeated by a brute force attack within minutes.

Eventually, the return pointer and stack frame pointer can be extracted, revealing the address of a vulnerable library and the address of a known stack frame ; this can completely eliminate library and stack randomization as an obstacle to an attacker.

The stack typically must be aligned to 16 bytes, and so this is the smallest possible randomization interval ; while the heap must be page-aligned, typically 4096 bytes.

A randomization of `` ups '' and `` downs '' is more likely than ordered `` ups '' and `` downs '' in position ( 3 ) since the hydrogen atoms are well separated and so the position of one could hardly affect the position of another, and also since ordered `` up '' and `` down '' implies a larger unit cell, for which no evidence exists.

This is achieved by randomization of the subjects to two or more groups.

After randomization, the two ( or more ) groups of subjects are followed in exactly the same way, and the only differences between the care they receive, for example, in terms of procedures, tests, outpatient visits, follow-up calls etc.

However as of 2009 most of the kernels include address space layout randomization ( ASLR ), enhanced memory protection and other extensions making such attacks much more difficult to arrange.

Address space randomization hinders some types of security attacks by making it more difficult for an attacker to predict target addresses.

Thus, address space randomization is more effective when more entropy is present in the random offsets.

** grsecurity is a complete security solution providing such features as a MAC or RBAC system, chroot restrictions, address space modification protection ( via PaX ), auditing features, randomization features, linking restrictions to prevent file race conditions, ipc protections and much more.

This element of randomization in the society serves as a form of social control since nobody, in theory at least, has any more of an advantage over anybody else in becoming the next Quizmaster.

There is an extensive body of mathematical theory that explores the consequences of making the allocation of units to treatments by means of some random mechanism such as tables of random numbers, or the use of randomization devices such as playing cards or dice.

Programming features such as randomization, variables, and intermap script activation enable smooth hub gameplay and are responsible for most of the special effects within the game: On-screen messages ; random sound effect and monster spawning ; sidedef texture changes ; versatile control of polyobjects ; level initialization for deathmatch ; and even complex environment changes such as earthquakes manipulating floor levels and textures.

Tools such as looping, quantization, randomization, and transposition simplify the arranging process.

Most languages are deterministic, but some languages, such as Befunge, supply a built-in randomization instruction.

Although historically " manual " randomization techniques ( such as shuffling cards, drawing pieces of paper from a bag, spinning a roulette wheel ) were common, nowadays automated techniques are mostly used.

He is particularly known for tackling mathematical problems involving randomness and randomization, such as coin flipping and shuffling playing cards.

This overcomes many of the shortcomings of earlier experimental setups, such as randomization and experimenter blindness with respect to the targets

Random numbers are also used for non-gambling purposes, both where their use is mathematically important, such as sampling for opinion polls, and in situations where fairness is approximated by randomization, such as selecting jurors and military draft lotteries.

Writers such as Tristan Tzara, Brion Gysin, and William Burroughs used the cut-up technique to introduce randomization to literature as a generative system.

However, there are many situations ( such as online algorithms ) where this randomization is not viable.

Memory protection for computer security includes additional techniques such as address space layout randomization and executable space protection.

PIE binaries are used in some security-focused Linux distributions to allow PaX or Exec Shield to use address space layout randomization to prevent attackers from knowing where existing executable code is during a security attack using exploits that rely on knowing the offset of the executable code in the binary, such as return-to-libc attacks.

* Physical randomization devices such as coins, playing cards or sophisticated devices such as ERNIE

It was the first such scheme to use randomization in the encryption process.

Other security features such as address space layout randomization, structured exception handler overwrite protection ( SEHOP ) and Mandatory Integrity Control, can be used in conjunction with DEP.

While Erickson discusses some countermeasures such as a non-executable stack and how to evade them with return-to-libc attacks, he does not dive into deeper matters without known guaranteed exploits such as address space layout randomization.