By Late Antiquity, the tradition of Moses being the source of the law in the Pentateuch also gave rise to the tradition of Mosaic authorship, the interpretation of the entire Torah as the work of Moses.

By the later stages of the trial, Clarence Darrow had largely abandoned the ACLU's original strategy and attacked the literal interpretation of the Bible as well as Bryan's limited knowledge of other religions and science.

Gravity, interpreted as an innate attraction between every pair of particles of matter, was an occult quality in the same sense as the scholastics ' " tendency to fall " had been .... By the mid eighteenth century that interpretation had been almost universally accepted, and the result was a genuine reversion ( which is not the same as a retrogression ) to a scholastic standard.

By this interpretation, it is ironic that the first authorized adaptation was a stage production in a girls ' school.

By the 1960s, the Court had extended its interpretation of substantive due process to include rights and freedoms that are not specifically mentioned in the Constitution but that, according to the Court, extend or derive from existing rights.

By the Greco-Roman era, many of them were considered healers, and were said to have other special powers, including dream interpretation and the ability to control the weather, which they did by braiding or not combing their hair.

By abuse of language, a bare instrumentalist description could be referred to as an interpretation, although this usage is somewhat misleading since instrumentalism explicitly avoids any explanatory role ; that is, it does not attempt to answer the question why.

By the middle of the 18th century only a few natural historians accepted a literal interpretation of the narrative.

By contrast, on Windows, wildcard interpretation is conventionally performed by each application.

By late 1524, Bucer had abandoned the idea of the real presence and, after some exegetical studies, accepted Zwingli's interpretation.

By the time the affiliation restrictions in the Glass – Steagall Act were repealed through the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act in 1999, many commentators argued Glass-Steagall was already “ dead .” Most notably, Citibank ’ s 1998 affiliation with Salomon Smith Barney, one of the largest US securities firms, was permitted under the Federal Reserve Board ’ s then existing interpretation of the Glass-Steagall Act.

By this and more complicated models he was able to give an interpretation of second-order arithmetic.

By the structure of quantum operations, this description is mathematically equivalent to that offered by relative state interpretation where the original system is regarded as a subsystem of a larger system and the state of the original system is given by the partial trace of the state of the larger system.

By the 1950s Beard's economic interpretation of history was also out of favor ; only a few prominent historians held to his view of class conflict as a primary driver in American history, among them Howard K. Beale and C. Vann Woodward.

By extension the same method of interpretation can be used for a Muslim to see the validity of the claims of the Báb.

By incorporating storytelling revolving around an original character named Gorilla Tommy, who started life as a poacher and later became a conservationist, the exhibit develops multiple layers of interpretation and enjoyment.

By leaving these artifacts with no detailed labels, interpretation is open, giving the viewer the ability to construct a meaning for that artifact during that time.

By the time Darwin published his own book on the subject, Descent of Man, it was already a well-known interpretation of his theory — and the interpretation which made the theory highly controversial.

By the end of the 4th century, mainstream Nicene Christianity, dominated by the interpretation of Paul of Tarsus and teetering midway between Gentile paganism and rabbinical Judaism, was in a position, being the State church of the Roman Empire, to declare significantly different interpretations as heretical.

By the gematria and notarikon systems of interpretation found in the Talmud, Eleazar invented new combinations by which miracles could be performed.

By contrast, the prophets themselves only had a partial interpretation revealed to them.

By contrast, in a Bayesian approach to statistical inference, one would assign a probability distribution to p regardless of the non-existence of any such " frequency " interpretation, and one would construe the probabilities as degrees of belief that p is in any interval to which a probability is assigned.

By some, it is estimated to have been composed between 1000-600 BC, the Yajurveda ' Samhita ', or ' compilation ', contains the liturgy ( mantras ) needed to perform the sacrifices of the Veda, and the added Brahmana and Shrautasutra add information on the interpretation and on the details of their performance.

By the 1960s – 1970s quantum electrochemistry was developed by Revaz Dogonadze and his pupils.

By 1930, quantum mechanics had been further unified and formalized by the work of Paul Dirac and John von Neumann, with a greater emphasis placed on measurement in quantum mechanics, the statistical nature of our knowledge of reality, and philosophical speculation about the role of the observer.

By comparison, a quantum computer could efficiently solve this problem using Shor's algorithm to find its factors.

By removing the need to load the particle with the properties of space and time, a fully deterministic, local and causal description of quantum phenomena is possible by use of a simple dynamical operator on a Universal Invariant Set.

By using quantum superpositions or quantum entanglement and transmitting information in quantum states, a communication system can be implemented which detects eavesdropping.

By 1928 Dirac deduced his equation from the first successful unified combination of special relativity and quantum mechanics to the electron-the Dirac equation.

By contrast, if the detector sees photons emitted directly from a ( hot ) glowing gas, then the detector often sees photons emitted in a narrow frequency range by quantum emission processes in atoms in the gas, and this results in an emission line.

By the Pauli exclusion principle, no quantum state can be occupied by more than one fermion with an identical set of quantum numbers.

By using these phosphorescent materials, both singlet and triplet excitons will be able to decay radiatively, hence improving the internal quantum efficiency of the device compared to a standard PLED where only the singlet states will contribute to emission of light.

By doing so, it is possible to handle certain systems, such as aspects of quantum mechanics, that would otherwise be even more complicated.

By Jaynes ' reasoning, if the particles are experimentally indistinguishable for whatever reason, Gibbs paradox is resolved, and quantum mechanics only provides an assurance that in the quantum realm, this indistinguishability will be true as a matter of principle, rather than being due to an insufficiently refined experimental capability.

By analytic continuation of the correlation functions of a quantum field theory, the time coordinate may become imaginary, and then boosts become rotations.

By contrast, if the detector sees photons emitted directly from a glowing gas, then the detector often sees photons emitted in a narrow frequency range by quantum emission processes in atoms in the hot gas, resulting in an emission line.

By taking quantum physics into account, the gravastar hypothesis attempts to resolve contradictions caused by conventional black hole theories.

By introducing the quantum defect d as an empirical parameter, the energy levels of a generic atom were well approximated by the formula, in the sense that one could reproduce fairly well the observed transitions levels observed in the X-ray region ( for example, see the empirical discussion and derivation in Moseley's law ).

By applying small voltages to the leads, the flow of electrons through the quantum dot can be controlled and thereby precise measurements of the spin and other properties therein can be made.

By giving the atom additional energy ( for example, by the absorption of a photon of an appropriate energy ), the electron is able to move into an excited state ( one with one or more quantum numbers greater than the minimum possible ).

By distinguishing superlunary ( celestial ) and sublunary ( terrestrial ) existence, and reinforcing this with the four-element physics of Empedocles, Aristotle came to speak of the stars as perfect bodies, which moved in only a perfect way, viz. in a perfect circle.

By this consideration atomic physics provides the underlying theory in plasma physics and atmospheric physics, even though both deal with very large numbers of atoms.

By early summer 1915, Hilbert's interest in physics had focused on general relativity, and he invited Einstein to Göttingen to deliver a week of lectures on the subject.

By direct substitution, the solution to this equation can be readily shown to be the scalar Green's function, which in the spherical coordinate system ( and using the physics time convention ) is:

By the 1830s mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology had emerged with world class science, led by Alexander von Humboldt ( 1769 – 1859 ) in natural science and Carl Friedrich Gauss ( 1777 – 1855 ) in mathematics.

By contrast, in a non-inertial reference frame the laws of physics vary depending on the acceleration of that frame with respect to an inertial frame, and the usual physical forces must be supplemented by fictitious forces.

By this consideration atomic and molecular physics provides the underlying theory in plasma physics and atmospheric physics even though both deal with huge numbers of molecules.

* A college text-book of physics By Arthur Lalanne Kimball ( Angular Velocity of a particle )

By contrast, the laws of physics dictate that the operating mechanism of a semi-automatic weapon must increase in mass and weight as the cartridge it fires increases in power.

" By combining these laws, Comte developed a systematic and hierarchical classification of all sciences, including inorganic physics ( astronomy, earth science and chemistry ) and organic physics ( biology and, for the first time, physique sociale, later renamed sociologie ).

By the 1830s mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology had emerged with world class science, led by Alexander von Humboldt ( 1769 – 1859 ) in natural science and Carl Friedrich Gauss ( 1777 – 1855 ) in mathematics.

By 1950, support for major areas of research had already become dominated by specialized agencies such as the National Institutes of Health ( medical research ) and the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission ( nuclear and particle physics ).

By studying drops in this manner, scientists have the opportunity to test basic fluid physics theories in the areas of nonlinear dynamics, capillary waves, and surface rheology ( changes in the form and flow of matter ).

By this time Loomis had become a prominent figure in experimental physics and had moved his Tuxedo Park operations to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he established a joint operation with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ).

By necessity, he returned to office in 1878 and continued to 1881, when he was made professor emeritus of physics and geology, which position he had held while he was president.

By 1899 the institute had expanded to accommodate nearly 500 pupils, and study fields included biology, chemistry, food work, sewing, English, German, French, Latin, Greek, history, manual arts, drawing, mathematics, and physics.

" By the 1950s the CSIRO Division of Radiophysics switched to investigating the physics of clouds and had hoped by 1957 to better understand these processes.

By understanding how matter behaves at the critical point, scientists hope to gain a better insight into a variety of physics problems ranging from phase changes in fluids to changes in the composition and magnetic properties of solids.