The term acquired a special significance in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant ( 1724 – 1804 ), who used it to describe the equally rational but contradictory results of applying to the universe of pure thought the categories or criteria of reason that are proper to the universe of sensible perception or experience ( phenomena ).

If instrumentation is involved, the researcher is expected to calibrate his / her instrument by applying it to known standard objects and documenting the results before applying it to unknown objects.

The strong likelihood principle applies this same criterion to cases such as sequential experiments where the sample of data that is available results from applying a stopping rule to the observations earlier in the experiment.

This results in an inability to accurately judge how much force is being applied to tissue as well as a risk of damaging tissue by applying more force than necessary.

It is determined by applying a force to an object and measuring the acceleration that results from that force.

This allows multihulls to have narrower hulls and thus substantially less wave-forming resistance, which in turn results in greater speed without applying more effort.

Taking a coordinate basis or frame of reference and applying the tensor to it results in an organized multidimensional array representing the tensor in that basis, or as it looks from that frame of reference.

Spurred on by Hilbert, Göttingen mathematicians attacked this new area of ​​ research and Plemelj was one of the first to publish original results on the question, applying the theory of integral equations to the study of harmonic functions in potential theory.

Data is organised by searching both the precise term submitted and also by applying fuzzy logic ; searching for near-matches and associations ( e. g. a search for ' Jonathan Smith ' will also return results for ' John Smith ').

Cargo cult programming can also refer to the results of ( over -) applying a design pattern or coding style blindly without understanding the reasons behind that design principle in the first place.

The music is made up, therefore, of nothing more than the results of applying the phasing process to the initial twelve-note melody-as such, it is a piece of process music.

In the absence of a Standard or an Interpretation that specifically applies to a transaction, management must use its judgement in developing and applying an accounting policy that results in information that is relevant and reliable.

His esoteric cryptic foreseeings have in some cases been assimilated to the results of applying the alleged Bible code, as well as to other purported pseudo-prophetic works.

" In the absence of a Standard or an Interpretation that specifically applies to a transaction, management must use its judgement in developing and applying an accounting policy that results in information that is relevant and reliable.

They face problems like long-branch attraction, saturation, and taxon sampling problems: This means that strikingly different results can be obtained by applying different models to the same dataset.

In 1987, Kent Beck and Ward Cunningham began experimenting with the idea of applying patterns to programming and presented their results at the OOPSLA conference that year.

He also published Raum und Zeit in der gegenwärtigen Physik (" Space and Time in Modern Physics "), which extended his earlier results by applying Poincaré's geometric conventionalism to explain Einstein's adoption of a non-Euclidean geometry in the General Theory of Relativity.

The results of the additional exams do not affect whether a student passes, but are usually a factor when applying for higher education places.

* Statistical special pleading occurs when the interpretation of the relevant statistic is " massaged " by looking for ways to reclassify or requantify data from one portion of results, but not applying the same scrutiny to other categories.

Evolutionary computing approaches have been especially productive as a way to harness and steer complex expressions of aesthetic form and sound at a high level either by interactively choosing and breeding individual results leading to improved hybrids, or by applying automatic selection rules, or both.

X-ray machines work by applying controlled voltage and current to the X-ray tube, which results in a beam of X-rays.

Scientologists believe that an individual should discover for himself / herself that Scientology works by personally applying its principles and observing or experiencing desirable results.

One could attempt to apply a logarithmic identity to get log ( 10 ) + log ( m ), which highlights the problem: applying a non-algebraic operation to a dimension creates meaningless results.

Use of these roads by the public results in substantial benefits to the localities the roads serve.

Exposure problems may occur in these forest areas where uneven lighting results from shafts of sunlight filtering through the overhead branches.

We are reporting these investigations here briefly because of their relevancy to problems of the study of apparently simple exchange reactions of chlorine and because the results furnish some information on the activation energy for abstraction of chlorine atoms from carbon tetrachloride.

No correlation between these variables and the irreproducibility of the results was found.

Being based on so few events, these results are of dubious validity.

From these results, one sees that the study of linear operators on vector spaces over an algebraically closed field is essentially reduced to the study of nilpotent operators.

No generalization of these results to spaces of more than three dimensions has so far been found possible.

The results of these inquiries were used to adjust compilations of data from the registers and to provide various ratios and rates by districts, including birth and death rates, general fertility rates, distributions by marital status, fertility of wives separately in polygynous and non-polygynous households, infant mortality, and migration.

This results in a separate record being made, distinguishing these trades from the overall volume of trading.

-- The results of microanalysis of tektites ( natural glasses of unknown origin ) for gallium and germanium have shown that these glasses are probably produced from terrestrial ( or less likely from lunar ) matter by impact of a celestial body.

Moreover, prudence alone would indicate that, unless the local customs are already ready to fall when pushed, the results of direct economic action everywhere upon national chain stores will likely be simply to give undue advantage to local and state stores which conform to these customs, leading to greater decentralization and local autonomy within the company, or even ( as the final self-defeat of an unjust application of economic pressure to correct injustice ) to its going out of business in certain sections of the country ( as, for that matter, the Quakers, who once had many meetings in the pre-Civil War South, largely went out of business in that part of the country over the slavery issue, never to recover a large number of southern adherents ).

During these activities, the researchers took functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) scans of the participants ' brains and were " surprised by the results ".

Despite these facts, most mathematicians accept the axiom of choice as a valid principle for proving new results in mathematics.

Together these results establish that the axiom of choice is logically independent of ZF.

The much stronger axiom of determinacy, or AD, implies that every set of reals is Lebesgue measurable, has the property of Baire, and has the perfect set property ( all three of these results are refuted by AC itself ).

Although these results did not reach statistical significance, the baths are an easy treatment.

further extends these results to arbitrary-order central moments, for the incremental and the pairwise cases.

Whenever any result is sought by its aid, the question will then arise — By what course of calculation can these results be arrived at by the machine in the shortest time?

He also applied mathematics in generalizing physical laws from these experimental results.

While one-third of alternative treatments have some published literature supporting their use, research on alternative medicine is frequently of low quality and methodologically flawed, which might cause these results to be exaggerated.

The results of work on these and other topics were published in the EGA and in less polished form in the notes of the Séminaire de géométrie algébrique ( SGA ) that he directed at IHES.

It is questionable that the results would be different if cases were conducted under the differing approaches ; in fact no statistics exist that can show whether or not these systems would come to the same results.

A review of the methods used in trials of antipsychotics, despite stating that the overall quality is " rather good ," reported issues with the selection of participants ( including that in schizophrenia trials up to 90 % of people who are generally suitable do not meet the elaborate inclusion and exclusion criteria, and that negative symptoms have not been properly assessed despite companies marketing the newer antipsychotics for these ); issues with the design of trials ( including pharmaceutical company funding of most of them, and inadequate experimental " blinding " so that trial participants could sometimes tell whether they were on placebo or not ); and issues with the assessment of outcomes ( including the use of a minimal reduction in scores to show " response ," lack of assessment of quality of life or recovery, a high rate of discontinuation, selective highlighting of favorable results in the abstracts of publications, and poor reporting of side-effects ).

While the atypical ( second-generation ) antipsychotics were marketed as offering greater efficacy in reducing psychotic symptoms while reducing side effects ( and Extrapyramidal symptoms in particular ) than typical medications, the results showing these effects often lacked robustness, and the assumption was increasingly challenged even as atypical prescriptions were soaring.