These scripts use a syntactic variant of C, thus allowing special sequencing of game actions.

The official version of the C. elegans genome sequence continues to change as new evidence reveals errors in the original sequencing ; DNA sequencing is not an error-free process.

The C. albicans genome sequencing effort was launched in October 1996.

Importantly, the availability of sequencing data prior to the completion of the genome sequence has made it possible to start C. albicans postgenomics early on.

The differences are analyzed by DNA sequencing or by methods developed to quantify SNPs, such as Pyrosequencing ( Biotage ) or MassArray ( Sequenom ), measuring the relative amounts of C / T at the CG dinucleotide.

In 2005 Stephan C. Schuster at Penn State University and colleagues published the first sequences of an environmental sample generated with high-throughput sequencing, in this case massively parallel pyrosequencing developed by 454 Life Sciences.

( A ) Sampling from habitat ; ( B ) filtering particles, typically by size ; ( C ) Lysis and DNA extraction ; ( D ) cloning and library construction ; ( E ) sequencing the clones ; ( F ) sequence assembly into contigs and scaffolds.

" In the episode Roth explored the scientific aspect of evil, undergoing a brain scan and DNA sequencing at U. C.

The results of the sequencing was then compared to that of the C. elegans, along with its prototype C. briggsae.

The Cronobacter MLST was initially applied to distinguish between C. sakazakii and C. malonaticus because 16S rDNA sequencing is not always accurate enough, and biotyping is too subjective.

The small implementation size is achieved in part through a fairly rigid separation of the instruction sequencing side ( program counter, call-return stack, implied stack pointer, and interrupt enable bit ) from the execution side ( ALU, register file, scratchpad RAM, Z / C status bits ).

Assistive Technology for Cognition ( ATC ) is the use of technology ( usually high tech ) to augment and assistive cognitive processes such as attention, memory, self-regulation, navigation, emotion recognition and management, planning, and sequencing activity.

In the recent years, several of the apicomplexan species have been selected for genome sequencing.

* Genomics-DNA sequencing and its related research.

For example, automated DNA sequencing machines were the basis to complete human genome projects leading to the birth of genomics.

Protein identification and peptide sequencing by mass spectrometry opened a new field of proteomics.

The sequencing of the rice ( Oryza sativa ) genome, its relatively small genome, and a large international research community have made rice an important cereal / grass / monocot model.

However, its primary use since at least the late 1980s has been to describe the application of computer science and information sciences to the analysis of biological data, particularly in those areas of genomics involving large-scale DNA sequencing.

A variant of this sequence alignment is used in the sequencing process itself.

The so-called shotgun sequencing technique ( which was used, for example, by The Institute for Genomic Research to sequence the first bacterial genome, Haemophilus influenzae ) does not produce entire chromosomes.

Shotgun sequencing yields sequence data quickly, but the task of assembling the fragments can be quite complicated for larger genomes.

Shotgun sequencing is the method of choice for virtually all genomes sequenced today, and genome assembly algorithms are a critical area of bioinformatics research.

The expression of many genes can be determined by measuring mRNA levels with multiple techniques including microarrays, expressed cDNA sequence tag ( EST ) sequencing, serial analysis of gene expression ( SAGE ) tag sequencing, massively parallel signature sequencing ( MPSS ), RNA-Seq, also known as " Whole Transcriptome Shotgun Sequencing " ( WTSS ), or various applications of multiplexed in-situ hybridization.

Massive sequencing efforts are used to identify previously unknown point mutations in a variety of genes in cancer.

Bioinformaticians continue to produce specialized automated systems to manage the sheer volume of sequence data produced, and they create new algorithms and software to compare the sequencing results to the growing collection of human genome sequences and germline polymorphisms.

New methodological breakthroughs in sequencing, genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics and imaging are producing vast amounts of information.

Although traditionally such cladograms were generated largely on the basis of morphological characters and originally calculated by hand, genetic sequencing data and computational phylogenetics are now very commonly used in phylogenetic analysis.

Music produced with notation or sequencing software could easily be considered computer-aided composition.

Hopefully, new drug targets may be revealed following the sequencing of the T. cruzi genome.

The sequencing in 2010 of genome of the cacao tree may allow yields to be improved.

Venter believed that shotgun sequencing was the fastest and most effective way to get useful human genome data.

Despite some claims that shotgun sequencing was in some ways less accurate than the clone-by-clone method chosen by the Human Genome Project, the technique became widely accepted by the scientific community and is still the de facto standard used today.

Although Celera was originally set to sequence a composite of DNA samples, partway through the sequencing, Venter switched the samples for his own DNA.

In 2010, CMT was one of the first diseases where the genetic cause of a particular patient's disease was precisely determined by sequencing the whole genome of an affected individual.

With the sequencing of both the human and chimpanzee genome, current estimates of the similarity between their DNA sequences range between 95 % and 99 %.

However, the 2010 sequencing of the Neanderthal genome indicated that Neanderthals did indeed interbreed with anatomically modern humans circa 45, 000 to 80, 000 years ago ( at the approximate time that modern humans migrated out from Africa, but before they dispersed into Europe, Asia and elsewhere ).

The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly.

Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for mouse, rice, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, and bacteria like E. coli.

New sequencing technologies have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as an important diagnostic tool.

In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, " genome " is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids.

Sometimes, the genome arrangement facilitates the sequencing of the model organism's genome, for example, by being very compact or having a low proportion of junk DNA ( e. g. yeast, Arabidopsis, or pufferfish ).

It has one of the smallest genomes of any cereal species, and sequencing of its genome is finished.

This table indicates the status of the genome sequencing project for each organism as well as whether the organism exhibits homologous recombination.

An initial study of the M. genitalium genome with random sequencing was performed by Peterson in 1993.

More genome data is now being produced by pyrosequencing than Sanger DNA sequencing.