Pass-by-reference is simulated in C by explicitly passing pointer values.

*** In flux-adjusted models, seasonal variations are simulated to within 2 K of observed values over the oceans.

*** Over Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude land areas, zonal mean differences between July and January temperatures simulated by the non-flux-adjusted models show a greater spread ( positive and negative ) about observed values than results from the flux-adjusted models.

Iteration is simulated by ' current ' values and ' fby ' ( read as ' followed by ') operator allowing composition of streams.

He also served on special assignments for Jewish soldiers in the U. S. Army in the 1950s, receiving the simulated rank of Brigadier General for these missions.

At this time, Wever conducted war games ( simulated against the French ) in a bid to establish his theory of a strategic bombing force that would, he thought, prove decisive by winning the war through the destruction of enemy industry, even though these exercises also included tactical strikes against enemy ground forces and communications.

* An absolute prohibition against the following techniques therefore arises from, is understood in the context of, and is interpreted according to these texts: mock executions ; water-boarding or any other form of simulated drowning or suffocation ; sexual humiliation ; rape ; cultural or religious humiliation ; exploitation of fears, phobias or psychopathology ; induced hypothermia ; the use of psychotropic drugs or mind-altering substances ; hooding ; forced nakedness ; stress positions ; the use of dogs to threaten or intimidate ; physical assault including slapping or shaking ; exposure to extreme heat or cold ; threats of harm or death ; isolation ; sensory deprivation and over-stimulation ; sleep deprivation ; or the threatened use of any of the above techniques to an individual or to members of an individual ’ s family.

The red lines in these three graphs correspond to the simulated images above, and the green lines were computed by applying the corresponding parameters to the squared Bessel function given above.

Some of these analogue flight simulators simulated a nuclear flash by using a photographic flashbulb outside the cockpit windows.

Under these rules, relevant aircraft systems must be fully simulated, and a comprehensive aerodynamic model is required.

Many of these " Buffalo Chips " also incorporate a simulated blue cheese flavoring to simulate the complete buffalo wing experience.

Phreaks simulated these signals by unscrewing the microphone cover of the handset and inserting into the microphone circuit a resistor in parallel with a press-to-open push-button.

Bite force was also calculated using these models and the known skull proportions of the animal as well as simulated tree branches of different size and hardness.

As students in these positions faced simulated attacks from PT-13 and PT-17 Stearman biplane training aircraft, they " fired " camera guns at the attacking fighters.

Some stereo ( two-channel ) 8-track players simulated quadraphonic sound through the upmixing of stereo 8-tracks, but these were not true quadraphonic 8-track players.

Note that these objections all relate to the idea of reality being exactly simulated.

The evolution with time, i. e. the dynamics, can be simulated using these models, but also the bubble model ( Durian ) which considers the motion of individual bubbles.

ATE often includes many of these instruments in real and simulated forms.

When the user chooses one of these " simulated cancel " options, however, the button performs an unexpected or unauthorized action ( such as opening a new pop-up, or running unauthorized commands on the user's system ).

Like the 57 ft vestibule thirds mentioned earlier, these diners were steel panelled with painted simulated beading.

Then these simulated organizations are " stressed " by the scenarios as a game plays out.

Their novel biomimetic nanochannel system was responsive to potassium ion within a certain concentration range and simulated these processes in a pH-neutral environment as in a natural organism.

As a preventive prescription for extreme uneasiness of mind or self-doubt about one's capacity to cope with impending or anticipated problems, these simulated stress phenomena or cross-rhythmic figures are embodied in the art of dance-drumming as mind-nurturing exercises to modify the expression of the inherent potential of the human thought in meeting the challenges of life.

The premise is that by rightly instituting the mind in coping with these simulated emotional stress phenomena, intrepidity is achieved.

In these tests scientists used MIRACL to destroy a decommissioned Titan I second stage booster under simulated flight loads at White Sands Missile Range, and the derived data were used to determine the vulnerabilities of representative solid motor cases and liquid boosters to lasers.

Given these strategies, the interaction of large numbers of individual agents ( who may be very heterogeneous ) can be simulated on a computer, and then the aggregate, macroeconomic relationships that arise from those individual actions can be studied.

The Subjective probability judgments of an event, used in the simulation heuristic do not follow the availability heuristic, in that these judgments are not the cause of relevant examples in memory but are instead based on the ease with which self generated fictitious examples can be mentally simulated or imagined.

In these and other applications, the system of interest is simulated by capturing the behavior of individual agents and their interconnections.

Since the 1990s many long-term risk management models have incorporated economic relationships between simulated variables in an attempt to detect high-exposure future scenarios ( often through a Monte Carlo method ).

If the response to the decision maker's actions ( and their credibility ) must be included in the model then it becomes much harder to influence some of the variables simulated.

Sim ( simulated ) racing is the collective term for computer software ( i. e. a vehicle simulation game ) that attempts to accurately simulate auto racing ( a racing video game ), complete with real-world variables such as fuel usage, damage, tire wear and grip, and suspension settings.

With two variables specified, the controlled input q < sub > i </ sub > and the reference r, a properly designed control system, simulated on a digital computer, produces outputs q < sub > o </ sub > that almost precisely oppose unpredictable disturbances d to the controlled input.

Such ancestral simulations might be intellectually or culturally prohibited in some way, even a modest interest could plausibly generate billions of simulated people ( for research, genealogy, reenactment, nostalgia, recreation or other reasons ).

A few instances are still running today for historical interest, almost all on simulated PDP-10's.

For example, in 2007 researchers developed an in silico model of tuberculosis to aid in drug discovery with a prime benefit cited as being faster than real time simulated growth rates allowing phenomena of interest to be observed in minutes rather than months.

* To value fixed income instruments and interest rate derivatives the underlying source of uncertainty which is simulated is the short rate-the annualized interest rate at which an entity can borrow money for a given period of time ; see Short-rate model.

Any picture, image, graphic image file, or other visual depiction that – ( i ) taken as a whole and with respect to minors, appeals to a prurient interest in nudity, sex, or excretion ; ( ii ) depicts, describes, or represents, in a patently offensive way with respect to what is suitable for minors, an actual or simulated sexual act or sexual contact, actual or simulated normal or perverted sexual acts, or a lewd exhibition of the genitals ; and ( iii ) taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value as to minors ” ( Secs.

There are three general categories of casino games: table games, electronic gaming machines, and random number ticket games such as Keno and simulated racing.

High end crystals, cubic zirconia simulated diamonds, and some semi-precious stones are used in place of precious stones.

The approach has several features that make it unique: the models are implemented as computer programs, which enables clear-cut and quantitative predictions to be made ; they learn from naturalistic input, made of actual child-directed utterances ; they produce actual utterances, which can be compared with children's utterances ; and they have simulated phenomena in several languages, including English, Spanish, and German.

The use of grand-sounding titles, awards, honours, and heraldic symbols derived from European feudal traditions, the conduct of " wars " ( often known as recwars ) and " diplomacy " with other micronations, and simulated continents or planets are common manifestations of their activities.

Evolutionary methods, simulated annealing, expectation-maximization, non-parametric methods and particle swarm optimization are some commonly used methods for training neural networks.

A street gang named the " Panther Moderns " are hired to create a simulated terrorist attack on Sense / Net.

The 3-tape DTMs are easily simulated with a normal single-tape DTM.

These issues are of considerable commercial importance in online gambling, where the randomness of the shuffling of packs of simulated cards for online card games is crucial.

Two computers P and Q are called Turing equivalent if P can simulate Q and Q can simulate P. Thus, a Turing-complete system is one that can simulate a Turing machine ; and, per the Church-Turing thesis, that any real-world computer can be simulated by a Turing machine, it is Turing equivalent to a Turing machine.

Many digital designs, including those of ICs, are simulated to detect defects before the unit is constructed.

On System / 370 and some later systems, the functions of the switches and the LOAD button are simulated using selectable areas on the screen of a graphics console, often an IBM 2250-like device or an IBM 3270-like device.

The second and third groups of eight bytes are treated as Channel Command Words ( CCWs ) to continue loading the startup program ( the first CCW is always simulated by the CPU and consists of a READ IPL command, < tt > 02h </ tt >, with command chaining and suppress incorrect length implied ).

The IPL device is usually a disk drive, but exactly the same procedure is also used to IPL from other input-type devices, such as tape drives, or even card readers, in a device-independent manner, allowing, for example, the installation of an operating system on a brand-new computer from an OS initial distribution magnetic tape ( for disk controllers, the </ tt > 02h </ tt > command also causes the selected device to seek to cylinder < tt > 0000h </ tt >, head < tt > 0000h </ tt >, and to search for record </ tt > 01h </ tt >, thereby also simulating a stand-alone seek command, </ tt > 07h </ tt >, and a search ID equal command, </ tt > 31h </ tt >; seeks and searches are not simulated by tape and card controllers ).

Profiles are drawn either with an effective Earth radius simulated by a parabolic arc -- in which case the ray paths are drawn as straight lines -- or with a " flat Earth "-- in which case the ray paths are drawn as parabolic arcs.

In economics and especially macroeconomics, the effects of proposed policy actions, such as fiscal policy changes or monetary policy changes, are simulated to judge their desirability.

Once fuel, maintenance, and insurance costs are taken into account, the operating costs of an FSTD are usually substantially lower than the operating costs of the simulated aircraft.

He found the simulated people acted just as sociologists ' theory predicted. They were more likely to commit suicide in clusters, either because they had learned this trait from their friends, or because suicidal people are more likely to be like one another.

The disadvantages are not on the side of the FRP however, addition of 1 kg / m < sup > 3 </ sup > of polypropylene fibers to concrete has been shown to reduce spalling during a simulated fire.

Cellular automata are often simulated on a finite grid rather than an infinite one.

Having garnered inspiration from the monochromatic prints of Edgar Degas featured in a 1994 exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the motifs of his Landscapes in the Chinese Style series are formed with simulated Benday dots and block contours, rendered in hard, vivid color, with all traces of the hand removed.

All of the hands are normally mechanical, physically rotating on the dial, although a few watches have been produced with " hands " that are simulated by a liquid-crystal display.