Lindow Man's official name is Lindow II, as there are other finds from the area: Lindow I ( Lindow Woman ) refers to a human skull, Lindow III to a " fragmented headless body ", and Lindow IV to the upper thigh of an adult male, possibly that of Lindow Man.

Because fossils identifiable as P. sternbergi are found exclusively in the lower layers of the Niobrara Formation, and P. longiceps fossils exclusively in the upper layers, a fossil lacking the skull can be identified based on its position in the geologic column ( though for many early fossil finds, precise data about its location was not recorded, rendering many fossils unidentifiable ).

In cases involving an Arnold-Chiari malformation, the main goal of surgery is to provide more space for the cerebellum at the base of the skull and upper cervical spine without entering the brain or spinal cord.

The skull, which grew up to long, was uniquely up-curved, concave on the upper surface and convex on the lower.

Milland had a tattoo on his upper right arm of a skull with a snake curled up on top of it with the tail of the snake sticking out through one of the eyes.

It extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate.

While other groups of fish, such as cichlids, also possess pharyngeal teeth, the cypriniformes ' teeth grind against a chewing pad on the base of the skull, instead of an upper pharyngeal jaw.

Some species have modified joints between bones in the skull and upper jaw, as well as muscles which contract to absorb the shock of the hammering.

Skeletal dysplasia is usually suspected because of obvious physical features ( e. g., unusual configuration of face or shape of skull ), because of an obviously affected parent, or because body measurements ( arm span, upper to lower segment ratio ) indicate disproportion.

In humans, the anatomical position of the skull has been agreed by international convention to be the Frankfurt plane, a position in which the lower margins of the orbits, the orbitales, and the upper margins of the ear canals, the poria, all lie in the same horizontal plane.

Unique skull features included the rough outer surface of the maxilla ( upper jaw bone ) and the pronounced crests around the eyes on the lacrimal, postorbital, and jugal bones.

The items being made more biofedlic were the pelvis and hip, the headskin and skull, the shoulder element, and the upper and lower abdomen.

The upper prong of this bone is embedded into the forehead, while the two lower prongs attach to the sides of the skull.

At the base of the upper mandible a thin sheet of nasal bones is attached to the skull at the nasofrontal hinge, which gives mobility to the upper mandible allowing it to move upwards and downwards.

The name is derived from the two bones which form the joint: the upper temporal bone which is part of the cranium ( skull ), and the lower jaw bone called the mandible.

Like all birds, the bills of sandpipers are capable of cranial kinesis, literally being able to move the bones of the skull ( other than the obvious movement of the lower jaw ) and specifically bending the upper jaw without opening the entire jaw, an act known as rhynchokinesis.

In affected individuals, the back portion of the brain is displaced from the back of the skull down into the upper neck.

The skull was structured in such a way that as it closed, the bones holding the teeth in the upper jaw would bow out.

An infant with hydranencephaly may appear normal at birth or may have some distortion of the skull and upper facial features due to fluid pressure inside the skull.

Gray described the genus Neofelis as having an elongate skull, a broad and rather produced face on the same plane as the forehead, a large and elongate nasal, a moderate orbit, a truncated lower jaw and very long conical upper and lower canine teeth with a sharp cutting hinder edge.

This skull most nearly resembles that of the fossil Felis smilodon, with a very much elongated upper canine.

Their lower jaws are articulated to the upper by means of transverse condyles firmly locked into long cavities of the skull, so dislocation of the jaw is all but impossible.

Lumbar puncture procedure, which is performed in many infectious disorders of the central nervous system is contraindicated in this condition ( as it is in all space-occupying lesions of the brain ) because removing a certain portion of the cerebrospinal fluid may alter the concrete intracranial pressure balances and causes the brain tissue to move across structures within the skull ( brain herniation ).

* Deep brain stimulation ( US manufacturer Medtronic ) consists of a computerized electrical device implanted in the chest in a manner similar to the VNS, but electrical stimulation is delivered to deep brain structures through depth electrodes implanted through the skull.

Both sexes have prominent horn-like structures called ossicones, which are formed from ossified cartilage, covered in skin and fused to the skull at the parietal bones.

They started a psychosurgery program at George Washington University in 1936, first using Moniz's method but then devised a method of their own in which the connections between the prefrontal lobes and deeper structures in the brain were severed by making a sweeping cut through a burr hole on either side of the skull.

Nine areas of the head and neck have these pain-sensitive structures, which are the cranium ( the periosteum of the skull ), muscles, nerves, arteries and veins, subcutaneous tissues, eyes, ears, sinuses and mucous membranes.

A " continuum " in skull structures, from little-to highly-specialized for pounding is seen in different genera ( groups of related species ) of woodpeckers alive today.

The skull is a bony structure in the head of many animals that supports the structures of the face and forms a cavity for the brain.

Cartilaginous fish, such as sharks, have also simple, and presumably primitive, skull structures.

The evolution of tapir proboscises, made up almost entirely of soft tissues rather than bony internal structures, gives the Tapiridae skull a unique form in comparison to other perissodactyls, with a larger sagittal crest, orbits positioned more rostrally, a posteriorly telescoped cranium, and a more elongated and retracted nasoincisive incisure.

The sticky wax plates could then be assembled to a 3 dimensional scaled up model of the skull, complete with internal structures such as nerve channels and other internal hollows rarely seen in fossils.

Cartilaginous fish, such as sharks, have also simple, and presumably primitive, skull structures.

The skulls of vertebrates, including the human skull, have numerous foramina through which nerves, arteries, veins and other structures pass.

Skull fractures that go through the part of the skull containing the ear structures ( the temporal bone ) can also cause damage to the middle ear.

Damage to adjacent structures such as nerves or vessels, spinal cord and nerve roots ( for spine fractures ), or cranial contents ( for skull fractures ) can cause other specific signs and symptoms.

Severe increases in intracranial pressure can cause potentially deadly brain herniation, in which parts of the brain are squeezed past structures in the skull.

The feathers are closest to the bone on the skull and end of the tail, where little to no muscle was present, and the gap increases over the back vertebrae, where more musculature would be expected, indicating that the filaments were external to the skin and do not correspond with subcutaneous structures.

Furthermore, their ear structures are functionally modern, with the major innovation being the insertion of air-filled sinuses between ear and skull.

Localization adaptations include pronounced asymmetry of the skull, nasal sacks, and specialized lipid structures in the forehead and jaws, as well as acoustically isolated middle and inner ears.

In two other species of owls with asymmetrical ears, the saw-whet Owl and the long-eared owl, the asymmetry is achieved by different means: in saw whets, the skull is asymmetrical ; in the long-eared owl, the skin structures lying near the ear form asymmetrical entrances to the ear canals, which is achieved by a horizontal membrane.

An oral and maxillofacial surgeon is a regional specialist surgeon treating the entire craniomaxillofacial complex: anatomical area of the mouth, jaws, face, skull, as well as associated structures.

These include meningitis ( inflammation of the protective membranes surrounding the brain ), epidural abscess ( abscess between the skull and outer membrane of the brain ), dural venous thrombophlebitis ( inflammation of the venous structures of the brain ), or brain abscess.

It is of clinical significance that cerebral arteries, veins and cranial nerves must pass through the subarachnoid space, and these structures maintain their meningeal investment until around their point of exit from the skull.

* to localize neural structures, for example to locate cranial nerves during skull base surgery ;

If the force of the impact is excessive, the bone may fracture at or near the site of the impact and cause damage to the underlying physical structures contained within the skull such as the membranes, blood vessels, and brain, even in the absence of a fracture.