The sole surviving manuscript from which almost every other is derived is a ninth-century Carolingian text, V, produced in Fulda from an insular exemplar.

The Code of Hammurabi is the longest surviving text from the Old Babylonian period.

The older mixed Vulgate / Diatessaron text type also appears to have continued as a distinct tradition, as such texts appear to underlie surviving 13th-14th century Gospel harmonies in Middle Dutch, Middle High German, Middle French, Middle English, Tuscan and Venetian ; although no example of this hypothetical Latin sub-text has ever been identified.

Two manuscripts are known to have existed, both dated to the late 16th century and written respectively in Italian and in Spanish — although the Spanish manuscript is now lost, its text surviving only in a partial 18th-century transcript.

The main difference between the text in the surviving Spanish copy and that in the Italian manuscript is that in the Spanish copy chapters 121 to 200 are noted as being missing in the exemplar — although it appears that these chapters had still been present in the Spanish original when it was first examined by George Sale.

A detailed comparison between the surviving Italian and Spanish texts shows numerous places where the Spanish reading appears to be secondary, as for example, where a word necessary for the meaning is missing in the Spanish text but present in the Italian.

The lost Spanish manuscript claimed to have been written in Istanbul, and the surviving Italian manuscript has several Turkish features ; so, whether the language of origin was Spanish or Italian, Istanbul is regarded by most students as the place of origin of the present text.

Consequently most students would concur with a stratification of the surviving text into at least three distinct layers of composition:

There is also a surviving 9th-century Latin text, preserved at Wolfenbüttel in Germany, which mentions the ingredients of what appears to be Greek fire and the operation of the siphons used to project it.

Dating to 1800 BC, it is the oldest surviving medical text of any kind.

The text records conversations between Caílte mac Rónáin and Oisín, the last surviving members of the Fianna, and Saint Patrick, and consists of about 8, 000 lines.

Sometime in the second half of the tenth century a monk named Aldred added an Anglo-Saxon ( Old English ) gloss to the Latin text, producing the earliest surviving Old English copies of the Gospels.

It is generally agreed that " Unlike the Vedas, which have to be preserved letter-perfect, the epic was a popular work whose reciters would inevitably conform to changes in language and style ," so the earliest surviving components of this dynamic text are believed to be no older than the earliest external references we have to the epic, which may include an allusion in Panini's fourth century BCE grammar ( Ashtādhyāyī 4: 2: 56 ).

The oldest surviving Sanskrit text would date to the Kushan Period ( 200 CE ).

In total there are about 400 surviving manuscripts containing Old English text, 189 of them considered major.

The oldest surviving planetary astronomical text is the Babylonian Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa, a 7th century BC copy of a list of observations of the motions of the planet Venus, that probably dates as early as the second millennium BC.

The maps in surviving manuscripts of Ptolemy's Geographia, however, date only from about 1300, after the text was rediscovered by Maximus Planudes.

The earliest surviving text of a Robin Hood ballad is " Robin Hood and the Monk ".

Maximinus, a 5th century Arian theologian, copied Auxentius ' letter, among other works, into the margins of one copy of Ambrose's De Fide ; there are some gaps in the surviving text.

In translating the 39 books of the Hebrew Bible, Jerome was relatively free in rendering their text into Latin, but it is possible to determine that the oldest surviving complete manuscripts of the Masoretic Text, which date from nearly 600 years after Jerome, nevertheless transmit a consonantal Hebrew text very close to that used by Jerome.

Most valuable of all from a text-critical perspective is the Vulgate text of the Apocalypse, a book where there is no clear majority text in the surviving Greek witnesses.

In the course of the meeting, Heydrich presented a plan, presumably approved by Adolf Hitler, for the deportation of the Jewish population of Europe and French North Africa ( Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia ) to German-occupied areas in eastern Europe, and the use of the Jews fit for labour on road-building projects, in the course of which they would eventually die according to the text of the Wannsee Protocol, the surviving remnant to be annihilated after completion of the projects.

In Murcia, a single surviving capitulation document must stand for many such agreements to render tribute in exchange for the protection of traditional liberties ; in it, Theodomirus ( Todmir in Arabic ), Visigothic count of Orihuela, agrees to recognize Abd al-Aziz as overlord and to pay tribute consisting of a yearly cash payment supplemented with specific agricultural products.

With his only alternatives being a fifty-fifty chance at death in the Pit or being murdered by Ra's ' men, Bruce agrees to the process, surviving exposure to the Pit and subsequently using Ra's ' criminal empire to set up an anti-crime information network.

Dr. Crusher insists on treating the surviving Borg, and Captain Picard reluctantly agrees to transport him aboard the Enterprise.

The aardvark is not closely related to the pig ; rather, it is the sole recent representative of the obscure mammalian order Tubulidentata, in which it is usually considered to form one variable species of the genus Orycteropus, the sole surviving genus in the family Orycteropodidae.

The gospel is closely related in style and content to the three surviving Epistles of John such that commentators treat the four books together, yet, according to most modern scholars, John was not the author of any of these books.

As of April 2012, surviving Kakapo are kept on three predator-free islands, Codfish ( Whenua Hou ), Anchor and Little Barrier islands, where they are closely monitored.

Chariton of Aphrodisias () was the author of an ancient Greek novel probably titled Callirhoe ( based on the subscription in the sole surviving manuscript ), though it is regularly referred to as Chaereas and Callirhoe ( which more closely aligns with the title given at the head of the manuscript ).

There are a variety of dialects of the Greek language ; the most notable include Cappadocian, Cretan Greek ( which is closely related to most Aegean Islands ' dialects ), Cypriot Greek, Pontic Greek, the Griko language spoken in Southern Italy, and Tsakonian, still spoken in the modern prefecture of Arcadia and widely noted as a surviving regional dialect of Doric Greek.

Most of the ostracoderms, such as thelodonts, osteostracans, and galeaspids, were more closely related to the gnathostomes than to the surviving agnathans, known as cyclostomes.

On the other hand, the musicologist Barry Cooper stated, in a 1984 essay in The Musical Times, that one of two surviving sketches closely resembles the published version.

Other surviving languages closely related to Ossetic are Yaghnobi, Pashto and Pamiri languages, all spoken more than 2, 000 km to the east in Afghanistan and some parts of Tajikistan and northwestern Pakistan.

Tylopoda is a highly distinctive lineage among the artiodactyls, but its exact relationships are somewhat elusive due to the fact that the six living species are all closely related and can be considered " living fossils ", the sole surviving lineage of a prehistorically wildly successful radiation.

Most fascinating was his discovery that Wilkomirski ’ s alleged experiences in German-occupied Poland closely corresponded with real events of his factual childhood in Switzerland, to the point that he suggested the author rewrote and reframed his own experience in a complex manner, turning the occurrences of his real life into that of a child surviving the Holocaust.

The fragmentary Child Ballad 19 " King Orfeo " is closely related to this poem, the surviving text containing only portions of the known story.

The war party followed closely, and after surviving attacks by pursuing Indians, the patrol abandoned their horses and traveled deep into the rough steep terraine of the Tongue River Canyon system on foot.

In that region, it may have ultimately given rise to the Chuvash language, which is most closely related to it and which is classified as the only surviving member of a separate " Oghur-Turkic " ( or Lir-Turkic ) branch of the Turkic languages, to which Bulgar is also considered to have belonged ( see above ).

One of Coward's surviving songs was " Parisian Pierrot ", a tune that would be identified closely with Lawrence throughout her career.

It shows similarities to the manuscript painting of Pol de Limbourg, but like the other surviving portrait of Richard, in Westminster Abbey, is also closely related in themes to paintings made in Prague for Anne's father Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and her brother Wenceslas, King of the Romans.

Casting one ( according to surviving records ) requires a specially designed sling with two unequal loops, though it is not entirely clear whether this is a stave-sling or more closely resembles a shepherd's sling.

The piers of the nave of Saint Andrew's closely resemble the surviving piers at Netley.

The codex is of Danubian provenance, and closely related to three other surviving manuscripts-two of them now in Poland and one in the Prague Capitol Library.