In an adversarial system, appellate courts do not have the power to review lower court decisions unless a party appeals it.

The United States legal system generally recognizes two types of appeals: a trial " de novo " or an appeal on the record.

Depending on the system, certain courts may serve as both trial courts and appellate courts, hearing appeals of decisions made by courts with more limited jurisdiction.

At the same time, Mill says that a good moral system ( in his case, utilitarianism ) ultimately appeals to aspects of human nature — which, must themselves be nurtured during upbringing.

By definition, decisions of lower courts are not binding on courts higher in the system, nor are appeals court decisions binding on local courts that fall under a different appeals court.

It also assures the independence of the judiciary, which in turn is protected by a judicial committee ; b ) a three-tier judicial system including a supreme court, a court of appeals, and courts of first instance ( either divided between district and regional courts, or a single court per region ); and c ) the laws of the civilian government which were in effect prior to the military coup d ' état that saw the Barre regime into power remain in force until the laws are amended.

" In places using sharia law such as Iran and Pakistan, while having a fixed legal system, with prosecuters, appeals courts and a supreme court, and a definite civil law style penal code, they are still heavily based on the informality and simplicity of a " pure " sharia court, and trials often still take a matter of hours or sometimes days.

Under such a system, intermediate appellate courts are entrusted with deciding the vast majority of appeals.

In professional tournaments using this system, players are allowed three unsuccessful appeals per set, plus one additional appeal in the tie-break to challenge close line calls by means of an electronic review.

The fact that such models often give " worst-case " scenario evaluations appeals to system designers who prefer to include a safety factor in their designs.

In 1984, the PNDC created a National Appeals Tribunal to hear appeals from the public tribunals, changed the Citizens ' Vetting Committee into the Office of Revenue Collection and replaced the system of defense committees with Committees for the Defense of the Revolution.

The court system consists of a Constitutional Court, the Court of Cassation, appeals courts, and district courts.

The United States courts of appeals ( or circuit courts ) are the intermediate appellate courts of the United States federal court system.

Indeed, after the ratification of the Constitution, some opponents of a strong federal judiciary urged that the federal court system be limited to the Supreme Court, which would hear appeals from state courts.

Leave to appeal is not a feature of the Scottish legal system and appeals proceeded when two Advocates certified the appeal as suitable.

The recommendation was that there should be a common system of appeal from all of the High Court divisions, with a limited set of appeals allowed to the House of Lords.

Sections 54 to 59 of the Access to Justice Act 1999 and Part 52 of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 came into force on 2 May 2000, and created one universal appeals system ; not all of these are to the Court of Appeal, with the principle used that an appeal should go to the next highest court in the hierarchy.

Almost all appeals require permission, a major innovation from the previous system, where appeals were, on the request of counsel, almost all automatically put through.

In 1991, Branstad ignored binding arbitration with employees of the State of Iowa's labor unions by vetoing a salary bill, was taken to court, and lost later in appeals in the state court system ( AFSCME Iowa Council 61 et al., v. Branstad ).

The Supreme Court of Canada () is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeals in the Canadian justice system.

The system of appeals to adjudicators ( who were appointed by the Secretary of State ) with the right of subsequent appeal to the Immigration Appeal Tribunal ( IAT ) ( whose members were appointed by the Lord Chancellor ) was first created by the Immigration Appeals Act 1969 ( 1969 c. 21 ).

In the federal system, it is generally available only to the federal courts of appeals, which issue writs of mandamus to lower courts and administrative hearing panels, while some state systems still allow trial courts to issue writs of mandamus or mandate directly to government officials.

For the remainder of his presidency, Kenya was effectively a one-party state, and Kenyatta made use of detention, appeals to ethnic loyalties, and careful appointment of government jobs to maintain his commanding position in Kenya ’ s political system.

The term " judiciary " is also used to refer collectively to the personnel, such as judges, magistrates and other adjudicators, who form the core of a judiciary ( sometimes referred to as a " bench "), as well as the staffs who keep the system running smoothly .</ small >

Modeled on The Conservatory's internationally renowned program and examination system, The Achievement Program will motivate students – both children and adults – to strive for excellence through participation in individual student assessments with professional adjudicators.

A Prime Minister is appointed by the Governor-General as the head of government, and of a multi-party system ; the Prime Minister advises the Governor-General on the appointment of a Council of Ministers.

It was in this reign that an important change in the government of the Danubian Principalities was introduced: previously, the Porte had appointed Hospodars, usually native Moldavian and Wallachian boyars, to administer those provinces ; after the Russian campaign of 1711, during which Peter the Great found an ally in Moldavia Prince Dimitrie Cantemir, the Porte began overtly deputizing Phanariote Greeks in that region, and extended the system to Wallachia after Prince Stefan Cantacuzino established links with Eugene of Savoy.

In 1714, when he was appointed rector of the university, he succeeded Govert Bidloo in the chair of practical medicine, and in this capacity he introduced the modern system of clinical instruction.

President Grover Cleveland appointed Thomas M. Cooley, a railroad ally, as its first chairman and a permit system was used to deny access to new entrants and legalize price fixing.

Grenada continued to practise a modified Westminster parliamentary system based on the British model with a governor general appointed by and representing the British monarch ( head of state ) and a prime minister who is both leader of the majority party and the head of government.

Grenada is governed under a parliamentary system based on the British model ; it has a governor general, a prime minister and a cabinet, and a bicameral Parliament with an elected House of Representatives and an appointed Senate.

In this case the debate centers on the suitability of the individual for office, not a judgement on them when appointed, and does not involve the power to reject or approve proposed cabinet members en bloc, so it is not accountability in the sense understood in a parliamentary system.

The court system was standardized ; all judges were appointed by the national government in Paris.

The DPR, which is the premier legislative institution, originally included 462 members elected through a mixed proportional / district representational system and thirty-eight appointed members of the armed forces ( TNI ) and police ( POLRI ).

The system in Germany whereby citizens were tried by their peers chosen from the entire community in open court was gradually superseded by an " engine of tyranny and oppression " in which the " process of investigation is secret, and life and liberty depend on the sentence of a judge or judges appointed by the state ".

John worked extremely hard to ensure that this system operated well, through judges he had appointed, by fostering legal specialists and expertise, and by intervening in cases himself.

All but senior military officers are appointed, promoted, and, if necessary, removed by the military's personnel system.

Since 2003 LUL has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London ( TfL ), the statutory corporation responsible for most aspects of the transport system in Greater London, which is run by a board and a commissioner appointed by the Mayor of London.

Each nation has student housing, but the accommodations in no way meet demand, and they are usually appointed according to a queue system.

Politics of Mali takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Mali is head of state with a Presidentially appointed Prime Minister as the head of government, and of a multi-party system.

Nobunaga also instituted a specialized warrior class system and appointed his retainers and subjects to positions based on ability, not wholly based on name, rank, or family relationship as in prior periods.

The Anglo-Saxon system of maintaining public order since the Norman conquest was a private system of tithings, led by a constable, which was based on a social obligation for the good conduct of the others ; more common was that local lords and nobles were responsible to maintain order in their lands, and often appointed a constable, sometimes unpaid, to enforce the law.

The court system inaugurated by Congress included a Supreme Court consisting of a chief justice appointed by the president and four associate justices, elected by a joint ballot of both houses of Congress for four-year terms and eligible for re-election.

According to the Constitution of Russia, the President of Russia is head of state, and of a multi-party system with executive power exercised by the government, headed by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President with the parliament's approval.

However, the system of indirect election of president stayed and many military persons were appointed to highly ranked government positions, keeping the remnants of the Yushin era.

The new state also abandoned the collective presidency of the former SFRY and replaced it with the system consisting of a single president, who was initially appointed with the consent of the republics of Serbia and Montenegro until 1997 after which the president was democratically elected.

However, some might argue that Switzerland does not have a strong separation of powers system, as the Federal Council is appointed by parliament ( but not dependent on parliament ), and the judiciary has no power of review.

Until 2005, the Lord Chancellor fused the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary, as he was the ex officio Speaker of the House of Lords, a Government Minister who sat in Cabinet and was head of the Lord Chancellor's Department which administered the courts, the justice system and appointed judges, and was the head of the Judiciary in England and Wales and sat as a judge on the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords, the highest domestic court in the entire United Kingdom, and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, the senior tribunal court for parts of the Commonwealth.

In a Westminster system, some members of parliament are elected by popular vote, while others are appointed.