In an adversarial system, appellate courts do not have the power to review lower court decisions unless a party appeals it.

The United States legal system generally recognizes two types of appeals: a trial " de novo " or an appeal on the record.

Depending on the system, certain courts may serve as both trial courts and appellate courts, hearing appeals of decisions made by courts with more limited jurisdiction.

At the same time, Mill says that a good moral system ( in his case, utilitarianism ) ultimately appeals to aspects of human nature — which, must themselves be nurtured during upbringing.

By definition, decisions of lower courts are not binding on courts higher in the system, nor are appeals court decisions binding on local courts that fall under a different appeals court.

It also assures the independence of the judiciary, which in turn is protected by a judicial committee ; b ) a three-tier judicial system including a supreme court, a court of appeals, and courts of first instance ( either divided between district and regional courts, or a single court per region ); and c ) the laws of the civilian government which were in effect prior to the military coup d ' état that saw the Barre regime into power remain in force until the laws are amended.

" In places using sharia law such as Iran and Pakistan, while having a fixed legal system, with prosecuters, appeals courts and a supreme court, and a definite civil law style penal code, they are still heavily based on the informality and simplicity of a " pure " sharia court, and trials often still take a matter of hours or sometimes days.

Under such a system, intermediate appellate courts are entrusted with deciding the vast majority of appeals.

In professional tournaments using this system, players are allowed three unsuccessful appeals per set, plus one additional appeal in the tie-break to challenge close line calls by means of an electronic review.

The fact that such models often give " worst-case " scenario evaluations appeals to system designers who prefer to include a safety factor in their designs.

In 1984, the PNDC created a National Appeals Tribunal to hear appeals from the public tribunals, changed the Citizens ' Vetting Committee into the Office of Revenue Collection and replaced the system of defense committees with Committees for the Defense of the Revolution.

The court system consists of a Constitutional Court, the Court of Cassation, appeals courts, and district courts.

The United States courts of appeals ( or circuit courts ) are the intermediate appellate courts of the United States federal court system.

Indeed, after the ratification of the Constitution, some opponents of a strong federal judiciary urged that the federal court system be limited to the Supreme Court, which would hear appeals from state courts.

Leave to appeal is not a feature of the Scottish legal system and appeals proceeded when two Advocates certified the appeal as suitable.

The recommendation was that there should be a common system of appeal from all of the High Court divisions, with a limited set of appeals allowed to the House of Lords.

Sections 54 to 59 of the Access to Justice Act 1999 and Part 52 of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 came into force on 2 May 2000, and created one universal appeals system ; not all of these are to the Court of Appeal, with the principle used that an appeal should go to the next highest court in the hierarchy.

Almost all appeals require permission, a major innovation from the previous system, where appeals were, on the request of counsel, almost all automatically put through.

In 1991, Branstad ignored binding arbitration with employees of the State of Iowa's labor unions by vetoing a salary bill, was taken to court, and lost later in appeals in the state court system ( AFSCME Iowa Council 61 et al., v. Branstad ).

The Supreme Court of Canada () is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeals in the Canadian justice system.

In the federal system, it is generally available only to the federal courts of appeals, which issue writs of mandamus to lower courts and administrative hearing panels, while some state systems still allow trial courts to issue writs of mandamus or mandate directly to government officials.

For the remainder of his presidency, Kenya was effectively a one-party state, and Kenyatta made use of detention, appeals to ethnic loyalties, and careful appointment of government jobs to maintain his commanding position in Kenya ’ s political system.

The term " judiciary " is also used to refer collectively to the personnel, such as judges, magistrates and other adjudicators, who form the core of a judiciary ( sometimes referred to as a " bench "), as well as the staffs who keep the system running smoothly .</ small >

Modeled on The Conservatory's internationally renowned program and examination system, The Achievement Program will motivate students – both children and adults – to strive for excellence through participation in individual student assessments with professional adjudicators.

The system of appeals to adjudicators appointed by the Home Secretary, with the right of appeal to a body then called the Immigration Appeal Tribunal, with members appointed by the Lord Chancellor, was created by the Immigration Appeals Act 1969.

The arguments advanced by those individuals and groups who oppose the system in force and who would drastically curtail or do away entirely with hospital care for the non-service-connected case, seem to be coldly impractical and out-of-step with the wishes of the general public.

Where such a value system prevails, it always unifies all who possess it ; ;

Durkheim noted long ago that religion as `` a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things unites into one single moral community all those who adhere to them ''.

Fifth, in the segregated school system or in the all-Negro or all-white schools, how can we encourage better group relations or an improved attitude toward people who do not belong to the group??

T. V. Barker, who developed the classification-angle system, was about to begin the systematic compilation of the index when he died in 1931.

A brisk, amusing man, apparently constructed on an ingenious system of spring-joints attuned to the same peppery rhythm as his mind, Smith began his academic career teaching speech to Barnard girls -- a project considerably enlivened by his devotion to a recording about `` a young rat named Arthur, who never could make up his mind ''.

And there was the case of Tom Hepker, a machinist, who was referred by a friend to a health machine quack who treated him with a so-called diagnostic machine for what Doctor Fraud said was a system full of arsenic and strychnine.

Legislators who last year opposed placing aged-care under the social security system criticized the President's plan.

Use of Video Arraignment system allows the courts to conduct the requisite arraignment process without the need to transport the person who has been formally accused ( offender ) to the courtroom by using an audio-visual link between the location where the offender is being held and the courtroom.

As reported in the Third Edition of Science and Sanity, The U. S. Army in World War II used Korzybski's system to treat battle fatigue in Europe with the supervision of Dr. Douglas M. Kelley, who went on to become the psychiatrist in charge of the Nazi prisoners at Nuremberg.

In process of time the title abbot was extended to clerics who had no connection with the monastic system, as to the principal of a body of parochial clergy ; and under the Carolingians to the chief chaplain of the king,, or military chaplain of the emperor, It even came to be adopted by purely secular officials.

In addition to his scientific work, he was a social activist who was critical of what he considered to be an unjust social and economic system in 19th-century Britain.

Albertus is frequently mentioned by Dante, who made his doctrine of free will the basis of his ethical system.

Alfred was a learned and merciful man who encouraged education and improved his kingdom's legal system and military structure.

The river, named Hamza after the discoverer, an Indian-born scientist Valiya Mannathal Hamza who is working with the National Observatory at Rio, makes it the first and geologically unusual instance of a twin-river system flowing at different levels of the earth's crust in Brazil.

In 1441 Pope Eugene IV merged them into one congregation called " Congregatio Sancti Ambrosii ad Nemus ", made the original house the main seat, and laid down a system of government whereby a general chapter met every three years, elected the priors who stayed in office till the next chapter.

The institutions sketched above — assembly, officeholders, council, courts — are incomplete without the figure that drove the whole system, Ho boulomenos, he who wishes, or anyone who wishes.

The random assignment of responsibility to individuals who may or may not be competent has obvious risks, but the system included features meant to obviate possible problems.

The numeral system came to be known to both the Persian mathematician Al-Khwarizmi, whose book On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals written about 825 in Arabic, and the Arab mathematician Al-Kindi, who wrote four volumes, " On the Use of the Indian Numerals " ( Ketab fi Isti ' mal al -' Adad al-Hindi ) about 830.

Fibonacci, a mathematician born in the Republic of Pisa who had studied in Béjaïa ( Bougie ), Algeria, promoted the Indian numeral system in Europe with his book Liber Abaci, written in 1202:

The system was described in 1976 by Guy Ottewell and also by Robert J. Weber, who coined the term " approval voting.

( In the 1970s Ruelle and the Dutch mathematician Floris Takens produced a new model for turbulence, and it was Ruelle who invented the concept of a strange attractor in a dynamical system.