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The teleological argument assumes that one can infer the existence of intelligent design merely by examination, and because life is reminiscent of something a human might design, it too must have been designed.
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" It is a contemporary adaptation of the traditional teleological argument for the existence of God, presented by its advocates as " an evidence-based scientific theory about life's origins " rather than " a religious-based idea ".
The argument from irreducible complexity is a descendant of the teleological argument for God ( the argument from design or from complexity ).
" Darwin's theory of evolution challenges the teleological argument by postulating an alternative explanation to that of an intelligent designer — namely, evolution by natural selection.
Thus, while the probability might be extremely small that any particular universe would have the requisite conditions for life ( as we understand life ) to emerge and evolve, this does not require intelligent design per the teleological argument as the only explanation for the conditions in the Universe that promote our existence in it.
The teleological argument was presented by the early Islamic philosophers, Alkindus and Averroes ( founder of Averroism ), while Avicenna ( founder of the Avicennism school of Islamic philosophy ) presented both the cosmological argument and ontological argument in The Book of Healing ( 1027 ).
William Paley gave a well-known rendition of the teleological argument for God.
A teleological or design argument is an a posteriori argument for the existence of God based on apparent design and purpose in the universe.
The teleological argument suggests that, given this premise, the existence of a designer can be assumed, typically presented as God.
In the Middle Ages, the Islamic philosopher Averroes introduces a teleological argument.
Later, a teleological argument is the fifth of Saint Thomas Aquinas ' Five Ways, his rational proofs for the existence of God.
The teleological argument was continued by empiricists in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, who believed that the order in the world suggested the existence of God.
Many philosophers and theologians have expounded and criticized different versions of the teleological argument.
From the 1990s, neo-creationism and intelligent design have presented the teleological argument while avoiding naming the designer with the aim of presenting this as science and getting it taught in public school science classes.
) presented an early teleological argument in De Natura Deorum ( On the Nature of the Gods ), arguing that divine power can be found in reason, which exists throughout nature.
Thomas Aquinas ( 1225-1274 ) presented a form of the teleological argument in his Summa Theologica.
He sums up his teleological argument as follows.
David Hume, in the mid-18th century, presented arguments both for and against the teleological argument in his Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion.
The character Cleanthes, summarizing the teleological argument, likens the universe to a man-made machine, and concludes by the principle of similar effects and similar causes that it must have a designing intelligence.
Philo is not satisfied with the teleological argument, however.
A modern variation of the teleological argument is built upon the concept of the fine-tuned Universe.
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Averroes ' teleological arguments can be characterized as presuming one god.
William Paley's " watchmaker analogy " is one of the most famous teleological arguments
* Gaston Bachelard, who is known for his physics psychoanalysis and the definition of an " epistemologic obstacle " that can disturb a changing of scientific paradigm as the one that occurred between classical mechanics and Einstein's relativism, opens the teleological way with " The meditation on the object takes the form of the project ".
Classical action principles are puzzling because of their seemingly teleological quality: given a set of initial and final conditions one is able to find a unique path connecting them, as if the system somehow knows where it's going to end up and how it's going to get there.
For Tafuri, architectural history does not follow a teleological scheme in which one language succeeds another in linear sequence.
In one 1860 letter to Gray, Darwin expressed his doubts about the teleological argument which claimed nature as evidence of god, though he was still inclined to vaguely believe in an impersonal God as first cause:
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Some disciplines, in particular within evolutionary biology, are still prone to use language that appears teleological when they describe natural tendencies towards certain end conditions ; but these arguments can almost always be rephrased in non-teleological forms.
By specifying some but not all aspects of both the initial and final conditions ( the positions but not the velocities ) we are making some inferences about the initial conditions from the final conditions, and it is this " backward " inference that can be seen as a teleological causal influence.
Therefore it can be argued that functionalism does not explain the original cause of a phenomenon with reference to its effect, and is therefore, not teleological.
All of them can be considered to be teleological to a greater or lesser degree.
It is important to note that teleological tendencies in dialectical monism can significantly differ from other variants of teleology if dialectical progression is linked to materialism, because such an interpretation is a naturalistic progression rather than a result of design or consciousness.
But I have trouble with Intelligent Design – uppercase ‘ I ’ and ‘ D ’ – a movement widely seen as anti-evolutionist .” He indicated that teleological arguments, such as the apparent fine tuning of the universe, can count as evidence, but not proof, for the existence of God.
One running debate in contemporary philosophy of biology is to what extent teleological language ( as in the " purposes " of various organs or life-processes ) is unavoidable, or is simply a shorthand for ideas that can ultimately be spelled out nonteleologically.
One of Lewis ' arguments is that supernaturalism, a basic tenet of Christianity, can be logically inferred based on a teleological argument regarding the source of human reason.
By clarifying and restricting the use of the term to describe and explain systems controlled strictly scientifically by genetic programmes, or other physical systems, teleological questions can be framed and investigated while remaining committed to the physical nature of all underlying organic processes.
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William Paley and others used the watchmaker in his famous analogy to infer the existence of God ( the teleological argument ).
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Voltaire argued that, at best, the teleological argument could only indicate the existence of a powerful, but not necessarily all-powerful or all-knowing, intelligence.
Søren Kierkegaard questioned the existence of God, rejecting all rational arguments for God's existence ( including the teleological argument ) on the grounds that reason is inevitably accompanied by doubt.
He is best known for his exposition of the teleological argument for the existence of God in his work Natural Theology, which made use of the watchmaker analogy ( also see natural theology ).
They use a teleological argument for the existence of God as a creator based on perceived evidence of order, purpose, design, or direction — or some combination of these — in nature.
* Intelligent design, a modern form of the teleological argument for the existence of a god
He considers a number of logical arguments for the existence of God, including the cosmological argument, the natural-law argument, the teleological argument and moral arguments following what he describes as " the intellectual descent that the Theists have made in their argumentations ".
The term was invented by Christian theologians not to discredit theism but rather to point out the fallacy of relying on teleological arguments for God's existence.
Kant once again invites his dissatisfied critics to actually provide a proof of God's existence and shows that this is impossible because the various arguments ( ontological, cosmological and teleological ) for God's existence all depend essentially on the idea that existence is a predicate inherent to the concepts to which it is applied.
In 1802, William Paley published Natural Theology in response to naturalists such as Hume, refining the ancient teleological argument ( or argument from design ) to argue for the existence of God.
Intrinsic finality provides the basis for the teleological argument for the existence of God and its modern counterpart, intelligent design.
* Cleanthes is an " experimental theist "—" an exponent of orthodox empiricism "— who bases his beliefs about God's existence and nature upon a version of the teleological argument, which uses evidence of design in the universe to argue for God's existence and resemblance to the human mind.
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