Though the prokaryotic cyanobacteria ( commonly referred to as blue-green algae ) were traditionally included as " algae " in older textbooks, many modern sources regard this as outdated as they are now considered to be bacteria.

In 1869, William Frederick Poole quoted from various school textbooks of the time demonstrating they were in agreement on Cotton Mather's role in the Witch Trials:

but they do not include non-research publications such as elementary textbooks, joint editorships, obituaries, and the like.

Specific course-related resources are usually provided by the library, such as copies of textbooks and article readings held on ' reserve ' ( meaning that they are loaned out only on a short-term basis, usually a matter of hours ).

Open textbooks help to eliminate this problem, because they are online and thus easily updatable.

Allegations of historical revisionism have been made regarding Pakistani textbooks in that they are laced with Indophobic and Islamist bias.

In that year, the Fascist government took control of the authorization of all textbooks, all secondary school teachers were required to take an oath of loyalty to Fascism, and children began to be taught that they owed the same loyalty to Fascism as they did to God.

Though his details were fictitious, they have formed the basis for references to Anne's appearance even in some modern textbooks.

Although theological textbooks still mentioned resurrection, they dealt with it as a speculative question more than as an existential problem .”

Jack Cargill has shown that popular textbooks not only fail to give readers the up to date archaeological evidence, but that they also fail to correctly represent the diversity of views present on the subject.

University level textbooks only discuss carbocations as if they are carbenium ions, or discuss carbocations with a fleeting reference to the older phrase of carbonium ion or carbenium and carbonium ions.

The Student PIRGs ' study found that 76 % of faculty said new editions were justified “ half of the time or less ” and 40 % said they were justified “ rarely ” or “ never .” The PIRG study has been criticized by publishers, who argue that the report contains factual inaccuracies regarding the annual average cost of textbooks per student.

While publishers, retailers, and wholesalers all play a role in textbook pricing, the primary factor contributing to increases in the price of textbooks has been the increased investment publishers have made in new products to enhance instruction and learning ... While wholesalers, retailers, and others do not question the quality of these materials, they have expressed concern that the publishers ’ practice

When a bookstore attempts to track down used copies of textbooks, they will search for the ISBN the course instructor orders, which will locate only a subset of the copies of the textbook.

The title " zeroth law of thermodynamics " began to appear in textbooks to refer to statements of this kind, though now stripped of their explicit reference to heat ; their implicit dependence on the notion of heat could not be removed because they rely on the concept of thermal equilibrium which in turn relies on the concept of transfer of heat by conduction or radiation, the presence or absence of which must be empirically recognizable in order to make the concept of thermal equilibrium empirically recognizable.

He published a number of medical textbooks, mostly for the use of his students, though they were popular throughout Europe and the American colonies as well.

The University also claimed that similar lines of source code ( which were presented during discovery ) did not infringe on USL's copyright because they had become public domain by the actions of AT & T: AT & T had promoted UNIX as a standard, licensing it to universities and allowing UNIX source code to be published in textbooks.

Exercise physiology textbooks have tables to show the conversion of height and body surface area as they relate to weight and basal metabolic values.

After mastering these levels they are given the Hojatoleslam title, and can start becoming mujtahid by studying advanced textbooks known as satḥ, and research courses known as kharij.

However, the leading textbooks in a field are usually written as a large monograph, in that they put forward original ideas, draw on original material, and are agenda setting.

Once these studies have been completed, they may begin preparation to become a mujtahid by studying advanced ancient textbooks known as sat ' h, and research courses known as kharij.

Many authors including those who write textbooks now conspicuously avoid that practice, in the case of the previous examples using words like " he or she " or " they " and " human race ".

There have been suggestions of additional laws, but none of them achieve the generality of the four accepted laws, and they are not mentioned in standard textbooks.

ALGOL ( short for ALGOrithmic Language ) is a family of imperative computer programming languages originally developed in the mid 1950s which greatly influenced many other languages and was the standard method for algorithm description used by the ACM, in textbooks, and academic works for the next 30 years and more.

At this time, Homer's poems were used as textbooks for the study of Greek.

Historical studies, official accounts, memoirs and textbooks published in the Soviet Union used that depiction of events until the Soviet Union's dissolution.

This phrase is frequently used when discussing the value of an electric current, especially in older texts ; modern practice often shortens this to simply current but current intensity is still used in many recent textbooks.

* Acute accents are also used in Slavic language dictionaries and textbooks to indicate lexical stress, placed over the vowel of the stressed syllable.

Furigana are also often used in foreign language textbooks for Japanese learners to indicate pronunciation.

The region is not an official administrative unit, but has been traditionally used as the regional division of Japan in a number of contexts: for example, maps and geography textbooks divide Japan into the eight regions, weather reports usually give the weather by region, and many businesses and institutions use their home region as part of their name ( Kinki Nippon Railway, Chūgoku Bank, Tohoku University, etc .).

Historical studies, official accounts, memoirs and textbooks published in the Soviet Union used that depiction of events until the Soviet Union's dissolution.

Many high-level technical positions were filled by French expatriates, and French teachers, textbooks and curricula continued to be used in schools around the country.

Many textbooks about Ancient Rome and Greece use the macron even if it was not actually used at that time.

Berg was frustrated by the expense of teaching students about recombinant DNA from textbooks instead of in wet labs, used for the testing and analysis of chemicals, drugs, and other materials or biological matter.

It is commonly used in textbooks and scientific publications that are documenting various algorithms, and also in planning of computer program development, for sketching out the structure of the program before the actual coding takes place.

Principia philosophiae ( Principles of Philosophy ), a Latin textbook at first intended by Descartes to replace the Aristotelian textbooks then used in universities.

Of the most widely used textbooks, there is only one listing evolution in the index and in the wake of the trial, under the pressures of fundamentalist groups, the entry is countered with biblical quotations.

The first half of the 20th century saw the publication of two influential textbooks that soon came to be regarded as founding documents of chemical thermodynamics, both of which used and extended Gibbs's work in that field: these were Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Processes ( 1923 ), by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall, and Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of Willard Gibbs ( 1933 ), by Edward A. Guggenheim.

In many physics textbooks dealing with optics the second convention is used where the light is observed from the point of view of receiver.

Most Lithuanian nouns can take the illative ending, indicating that from the descriptive point of view the illative still can be treated as a case in Lithuanian, although since the beginning of the 20th century it isn't included in the lists of standard Lithuanian cases in most grammars and textbooks and the prepositional construction į + accusative is more frequently used today to denote direction.

The sequence of definitions used in setting up dynamics in the Principia is recognisable in many textbooks today.

Albert first considered becoming a minister but instead he turned to the study of mathematics and physics, where he later became a co-inventor of the x-ray microscope and author of one of the most widely used physics textbooks in the U. S. The Baez family converted to Quakerism during Joan's early childhood, and she has continued to identify with the tradition, particularly in her commitment to pacifism and social issues.

Although a method of borrowing had been known and published in textbooks prior, apparently the crutches are the invention of William A. Brownell who used them in a study in November 1937.

In the years since the first edition of A People's History was published in 1980, it has been used as an alternative to standard textbooks in many high school and college history courses, and it is one of the most widely known examples of critical pedagogy.

Traditionally, the textbooks there were little different from merely a translated version of the books used in the Chinese schools throughout the country ; however, as of 2001, a move was on foot to create more teaching materials with locally based content.

Several methods of instruction are used including traditional paper textbooks, online textbooks and virtual classrooms where students interact with teachers and peers.