A year later, in 1931, Dirac modified his theory and postulated the positron, a new particle of the same mass as the electron.

The Thomas-Fermi theory, developed in the 1920s, was used to estimate electronic energy levels by treating the local electron density as a variational parameter.

In this paper, elaborating on the works of Lewis, and the valence bond theory ( VB ) of Heitler and London, and his own earlier works, Pauling presented six rules for the shared electron bond, the first three of which were already generally known:

Metal complexes and electron deficient compounds ( e. g. diborane ) also appeared to be well described by molecular orbital theory, although valence bond descriptions have been made.

The simplest type of ab initio electronic structure calculation is the Hartree – Fock ( HF ) scheme, an extension of molecular orbital theory, in which the correlated electron – electron repulsion is not specifically taken into account ; only its average effect is included in the calculation.

* Polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory for cluster compounds, including transition metals and main group elements such as boron including Wade's rules for polyhedral cluster compounds, including transition metals and main group elements and mixtures thereof.

C < sub > 60 </ sub > with isosurface of ground state electron density as calculated with Density functional theory | DFT

** electron theory of metals

He made major contributions to the theory of approximate molecular orbital ( MO ) calculations, starting with one identical to the one developed by Rudolph Pariser and Robert G. Parr on pi electron systems, and now called the Pariser-Parr-Pople method.

Between 1892 and 1904, Hendrik Lorentz created an electron / aether theory, in which he introduced a strict separation between matter ( electrons ) and aether.

Wide field optical microscopes and transmission electron microscopes use the theory of lenses ( optics for light microscopes and electromagnet lenses for electron microscopes ) in order to magnify the image generated by the passage of a wave transmitted through the sample, or reflected by the sample.

Using quantum theory Dirac showed that if magnetic monopoles exist, then one could explain the quantization of electric charge --- that is, why the observed elementary particles carry charges that are multiples of the charge of the electron.

In these models, one either departs from the atomic orbitals of neutral atoms that share their electrons or ( in the case of density functional theory ) departs from the total electron density.

The general theory of these reactions involves careful analysis of such properties as the electron affinity of key atoms, bond strengths and steric hindrance.

This appeared to be at odds with James Clerk Maxwell's wave theory of light, which was thought to predict that the electron energy would be proportional to the intensity of the radiation.

The quantum theory of the atom was developed as an explanation for the electron remaining in its orbit, which could not be explained by Newton's laws of motion and Maxwell's laws of ( classical ) electromagnetism.

The following year, Paul Dirac discovered the fully relativistic theory of electron spin by showing the connection between spinors and the Lorentz group.

* Chemistry: Molecular theory — Kinetic theory of gases — Molecular orbital theory — Valence bond theory — Transition state theory — RRKM theory — Chemical graph theory — Flory-Huggins solution theory — Marcus theory — Lewis theory ( successor to Brønsted – Lowry acid – base theory ) — HSAB theory — Debye – Hückel theory — Thermodynamic theory of polymer elasticity — Reptation theory — Polymer field theory — Møller – Plesset perturbation theory — Density Functional Theory — Frontier molecular orbital theory — Polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory — Baeyer strain theory — Quantum theory of atoms in molecules — Collision theory — Ligand field theory ( successor to Crystal field theory ) — Variational Transition State Theory — Benson group increment theory — Specific ion interaction theory

Should Rousseau have been able to leave room in his social theory for the advent of television, atomic energy, and IBM machines??

Modern physics has developed the theory that all matter consists of minute waves of energy.

and Nagaoka himself recognized a fundamental defect in the theory even at its conception, namely that a classical charged object cannot sustain orbital motion because it is accelerating and therefore loses energy due to electromagnetic radiation.

In theory it can occur only in nuclei somewhat heavier than nickel ( element 28 ), where overall binding energy per nucleon is no longer a minimum, and the nuclides are therefore unstable toward spontaneous fission-type processes.

In quantum field theory, this process is allowed only as an intermediate quantum state for times short enough that the violation of energy conservation can be accommodated by the uncertainty principle.

In three papers which were published in 1952 – 53, Bohr and Mottelson demonstrated close agreement between theory and experiment ; for example, showing that the energy levels of certain nuclei could be described by a rotation spectrum.

John Bardeen then argued in the 1955 paper, " Theory of the Meissner Effect in Superconductors " that such a modification naturally occurs in a theory with an energy gap.

The BCS theory gives an expression that shows how the gap grows with the strength of the attractive interaction and the ( normal phase ) single particle density of states at the Fermi energy.

* BCS theory predicts the dependence of the value of the energy gap E at temperature T on the critical temperature T < sub > c </ sub >.

BCS theory relates the value of the critical field at zero temperature to the value of the transition temperature and the density of states at the Fermi energy.

This is incorporated into the BCS theory, where lattice vibrations yield the binding energy of electrons in a Cooper pair.

There is no definite or clear way to define the total energy of the universe due to the most widely accepted theory of gravity, general relativity.

Both the problems of baryogenesis and cosmic inflation are very closely related to particle physics, and their resolution might come from high energy theory and experiment, rather than through observations of the universe.

Quantum field theory predicts a cosmological constant much like dark energy, but 120 orders of magnitude larger than that observed.

The effect on cosmology of the dark energy that these models describe is given by the dark energy's equation of state, which varies depending upon the theory.

Russian physicist Lev Landau used the idea for the Fermi liquid theory wherein low energy properties of interacting fermion systems were given in terms of what are now known as Landau-quasiparticles.

Goldstone's theorem in quantum field theory states that in a system with broken continuous symmetry, there may exist excitations with arbitrarily low energy, called the Goldstone bosons.

When applied to the simplest two-electron molecule, H < sub > 2 </ sub >, valence bond theory, even at the simplest Heitler-London approach, gives a much closer approximation to the bond energy, and it provides a much more accurate representation of the behavior of the electrons as chemical bonds are formed and broken.

This situation arises for all homonuclear diatomic molecules and is particularly a problem for F < sub > 2 </ sub >, where the minimum energy of the curve with molecular orbital theory is still higher in energy than the energy of two F atoms.

More realistic models are tailored to a specific problem and include the transition state theory, the calculation of the potential energy surface, the Marcus theory and the Rice – Ramsperger – Kassel – Marcus ( RRKM ) theory.

The central concern of Erich Auerbach's impressive volume called Mimesis is to describe the shift from a classic theory of imitation ( based upon a recognition of levels of truth ) to a Christian theory of imitation in which the levels are dissolved.

Art can be difficult at the metaphysical and ontological levels as well as at the value theory level.

Shannon and Weaver argued that there were three levels of problems for communication within this theory.

The currently accepted theory states that the brain cells adjust their osmolarities by changing levels of certain osmolytes like inositol, betaine, and glutamine.

According to this theory, living beings were classified on an ideal pyramid that represented the simplest animals on the lower levels, with complexity increasing progressively toward the top, occupied by human beings.

John B. Carroll ( 1993 ), after a comprehensive reanalysis of earlier data, proposed the Three Stratum theory, which is a hierarchical model with three levels.

" A common feature of all four multiverse levels is that the simplest and arguably most elegant theory involves parallel universes by default.

It has the same nature of the granularity of the photons in the quantum theory of electromagnetism or the discrete levels of the energy of the atoms.

Similarly, Belgium took no direct influence from the Statute or English copyright theory, but Joris Deene of the University of Ghent identifies an indirect influence " at two levels "; the criteria for what constitutes copyrightable material, which comes from the work of English theorists such as Locke and Edward Young, and the underlying justification of copyright law.

Spontaneous transitions was not explainable within the framework of the old quantum theory, that is a theory in which the atomic levels are quantized, but the electromagnetic field is not.

Systems theory is the interdisciplinary study of systems in general, with the goal of elucidating principles that can be applied to all types of systems at all nesting levels in all fields of research.

To manage throughput, peak loads, and response time, vendors may utilize queuing theory to model how the combination of hardware and software will respond over various levels of demand.

In the 1990s, based upon its monitoring of creationist efforts, it issued warnings of high levels of official anti-evolutionism and a " sharp surge upwards " in creationist attacks on evolution, including attempts to downgrade evolution from " fact " to " theory " ( see evolution as theory and fact ) or present the " evidence against evolution " ( see objections to evolution ).

* More recent research by psychologist Joe Griffin, following a twelve-year review of data from all major sleep laboratories, led to the formulation of the expectation fulfilment theory of dreaming, which suggests that dreaming metaphorically completes patterns of emotional expectation in the autonomic nervous system and lowers stress levels in mammals.

the general adoption of class variables of quantification ushers in a theory whose laws were not in general expressible in the antecedent levels of logic.

In particular, Keynesian theory asserts that the government can minimize the shock of business fluctuations by compensatory spending, intended to maintain or inflate investment levels by government spending.

The theoretical explanation for energy levels was discovered in 1913 by Danish physicist Neils Bohr in the Bohr theory of the atom.