the two-nation theory is to us an abomination and a blasphemy ".

He presented the two-nation theory in the now famous Lahore Resolution in March 1940, seeking a separate Muslim state,

He also opposed the Muslim League and its members ' communalist outlook illustrated in their two-nation theory.

Altaf Hussain believes history has proved the two-nation theory wrong.

He criticised the Congress and the nationalist Muslims, and espoused the two-nation theory and the reasons for the demand for separate Muslim homelands.

The two-nation theory ( do qaumi nazariya, Devanagari: द ो क ़ौ म ी नज ़ र ि य ा,) is the ideology that the primary identity of Muslims on the Indian subcontinent is their religion, rather than their language or ethnicity, and therefore Indian Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nationalities, regardless of ethnic or other commonalities.

There are varying interpretations of the two-nation theory, based on whether the two postulated nationalities can coexist in one territory or not, with radically different implications.

Allama Iqbal's presidential address to the Muslim League on December 29, 1930 is seen by some as the first exposition of the two-nation theory in support of what would ultimately become Pakistan.

Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan who is also known as " Frontier Gandhi " or " Sarhadi Gandhi " was not convinced by the two-nation theory and wanted a single united India as home for both Hindus and Muslims.

Prominent Pakistani politician Altaf Hussain of Muttahida Qaumi Movement believes history has proved the two-nation theory wrong.

Also, because partition divided Indian Muslims into three groups ( of roughly 150 million people each in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh ) instead of forming a single community inside a united India that would have numbered about 450 million people in 2010 and potentially exercised great influence over the entire subcontinent, the two-nation theory is sometimes alleged to have ultimately weakened the position of Muslims on the subcontinent and resulted in large-scale territorial shrinkage or skewing for cultural aspects that became associated with Muslims ( e. g., the decline of Urdu language in India ).

According to Prof. Sharif al Mujahid, arguably the preeminent authority on Jinnah in Pakistan, the two-nation theory was relevant only to the pre-1947 subcontinental context.

In post-independence India, the two-nation theory has helped advance the cause of groups seeking to identify a " Hindu national culture " as the core identification of an Indian.

Constitutionally, India rejects the two-nation theory and regards Indian Muslims as equal citizens.

That such deficiencies existed within Ptolemy's theory was not discovered de novo by Copernicus.

A credulousness, a distaste for documentation, an uncritical reliance on contemporary accounts, and a proneness to assume a theory as true before adequate proof was provided were all evidences of his failure to comprehend the use of the scientific method or to evaluate the responsibilities of the historian to his reading public.

J. T. Shotwell was appalled by such spurious history as that which attributed the fall of the Carolingian empire to the woolen trade, and he urged Adams to `` transform his essay into a real history, embodying not merely those facts which fit into his theory, but also the modifications and exceptions ''.

that theory was and is sound.

He proposed a fresh theory of alkalis which later was accepted in chemical practices.

It was not always easy to develop theory and doctrine which would square the two conditions.

In this connection, it might be noted that the theory of games was a mathematical discovery long before its uses in political science were exploited.

To find a place for them in their theory of knowledge would require them to revise the theory radically, and yet that theory was what they regarded as their most important discovery.

On the theory before us, such relief would be groundless, for in that suffering itself there was nothing bad at all, and hence in its nonoccurrence there would be nothing to be relieved about.

In these circumstances, since what was expressed by the remark when first made is, on the theory before us, simply absent, the remark now expresses nothing.

( P. 215 ) when corporate abuses were attacked, it was done on the theory that criminal penalties would be invoked rather than control.

Lincoln stated Douglas's popular sovereignty theory was a threat to the nation's morality and that Douglas represented a conspiracy to extend slavery to free states.

During the 1670s corpuscularianism was used by Isaac Newton in his development of the corpuscular theory of light.

( Despite common belief, he did not take a day from February ; see the debunked theory on month lengths ) According to a Senatus consultum quoted by Macrobius, he chose this month because it was the time of several of his great triumphs, including the conquest of Egypt.

" Karpov acknowledged that his understanding of chess theory was very confused at that time, and wrote later that the homework which Botvinnik assigned greatly helped him, since it required that he consult chess books and work diligently.

" The first well-known version of anarcho-capitalism was formulated by Austrian School economist and libertarian Murray Rothbard in the mid-twentieth century, synthesizing elements from the Austrian School of economics, classical liberalism, and nineteenth century American individualist anarchists Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker ( rejecting their labor theory of value and the normative implications they derived from it ).

The prime evidence for this theory was provided by a descendant of Clarke.

It was the prospect of bowling at this line-up that caused England's 1932 – 33 captain Douglas Jardine to adopt the tactic of fast leg theory, also known as Bodyline.

Jardine insisted that the tactic was legitimate and called it " leg theory " but it was widely disparaged by its opponents, who dubbed it " Bodyline " ( from " on the line of the body ").

Confucianism was particularly strong during the Han Dynasty, whose greatest thinker was Dong Zhongshu, who integrated Confucianism with the thoughts of the Zhongshu School and the theory of the Five Elements.

At the beginning, it was considered a sort of Taoist sect, and there was even a theory about Laozi, founder of Taoism, who went to India and taught his philosophy to Buddha.

Simon was among the founding fathers of several of today's important scientific domains, including artificial intelligence, information processing, decision-making, problem-solving, attention economics, organization theory, complex systems, and computer simulation of scientific discovery.

The " founding father " of the theory of monopolistic competition is Edward Hastings Chamberlin, who wrote a pioneering book on the subject, Theory of Monopolistic Competition ( 1933 ).

In the 1960s, the chaotic nature of the atmosphere was first observed and mathematically described by Edward Lorenz, founding the field of chaos theory.

The main stimulus for the field since its founding has been that of evolution, plate tectonics and the theory of island biogeography.

He is sometimes considered to be the founding father of the laissez-faire economic theory, but in fact argues for some degree of government control in order to maintain equity.

With the goal of founding all of mathematics on set theory, the group strove for utmost rigour and generality, creating some new terminology and concepts along the way.

Alpha Centauri being a founding world of the Federation and even having a humanlike native race called Centaurans became a popular fan theory, possibly based on uncertainty as to whether or not Zefram Cochrane ( described in Metamorphosis as " Zefram Cochrane of Alpha Centauri ") was a native of Alpha Centauri or a resident of a human colony in that system ; the latter has since been revealed to be the case, Cochrane having spent most of his life on Earth but eventually retiring to spend his final years on Alpha Centauri, prior to his disappearance and presumed death.

The position of the PRC is that the ROC ceased to be a legitimate government upon the founding of the former on October 1, 1949 and that the PRC is the successor of the ROC as the sole legitimate government of China, with the right to rule Taiwan under the succession of states theory.

Building on Prospect theory and Kahneman and Tversky's body of work, Thaler published " Toward a Positive Theory of Consumer Choice " in 1980, a paper which Kahneman has called " the founding text in behavioral economics " ( Kahneman, 2003, p. 438 ).

With the goal of founding all of mathematics on set theory, the group strove for rigour and generality.

In 2002 he received the Zois award for his achievements in the field of graph theory and algebra ; founding editor of the Ars Mathematica Contemporanea.

The theory that Goguryeo referenced the founder's surname has been largely discredited ( the royal surname changed from Hae to Go long after the state's founding ).

The current structure of her theory was standardized by Dr. Alexander Bukalov, Dr. Victor Gulenko, and Dr. Gregory Reinin after the founding of the International Institute of Socionics in Kiev, Ukraine.

This insight was one of the founding pillars of plate tectonics, and ophiolites have always played a central role in plate tectonic theory and the interpretation of ancient mountain belts.

Parsons is one of the founding fathers of medical sociology, and applied social role theory to interactional relations between sick people and others.

They collaborated on the founding of a new holistic attitude toward psychology called Gestalt theory ( from the German word for “ whole "), aspects of which are indebted to the earlier work of Stumpf ( Köhler ’ s teacher ) and Christian von Ehrenfels ( whose lectures at the University of Prague Wertheimer had attended ).

These projects are based on WPI's founding principle of theory alongside practice, though were introduced in the last 40 years.

Another theory, which chimes with the club's origins, is that MCC borrowed its colours from the livery colours ( racing ) of a founding patron, Charles, 2nd Duke of Richmond, of Goodwood fame.

Because of their belief in republicanism, that is, the “ common people are the rightful rulers of their own destiny ,” the founding members saw themselves as “ furious democrats in theory ” and declared their movement to be “ wholly and unequivocally democratic .” Being a democrat and egalitarian in the mid 19th century was tantamount to being a revolutionary, and was something to be feared by political establishments.

* Évariste Galois presents a general condition for the solvability of algebraic equations, thereby essentially founding group theory and Galois theory.

Considered one of the " founding fathers " of the unifying theory of plate tectonics, Rear Admiral Harry Hammond Hess was born on May 24, 1906 in New York City.

Among supporters of the two-nations theory, English-Canada is one of two founding nations, the other being French-Canada or Quebec.

* Raymond Laflamme -- Associate Faculty Member ( quantum information ); founding figure in quantum information theory

* Leonard Susskind -- Distinguished Research Chair ; Sakurai Prize ( 1998 ); founding figure in string theory