Some hard science fiction stories use small ( possibly nano-sized ) paired wormholes dedicated to communication by means of a laser which traverses the wormhole.

An effort to develop a new method might involve the use of a tunable laser to increase the specificity and sensitivity of a spectrometric method.

Laser Doppler anemometers use a beam of light from a laser that is divided into two beams, with one propagated out of the anemometer.

With the widespread use of the original acronym as a common noun, actual optical amplifiers have come to be referred to as " laser amplifiers ", notwithstanding the apparent redundancy in that designation.

" Further use of the words laser and maser in an extended sense, not referring to laser technology or devices, can be seen in usages such as astrophysical maser and atom laser.

In 1917, Albert Einstein established the theoretical foundations for the laser and the maser in the paper Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung ( On the Quantum Theory of Radiation ); via a re-derivation of Max Planck ’ s law of radiation, conceptually based upon probability coefficients ( Einstein coefficients ) for the absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation ; in 1928, Rudolf W. Ladenburg confirmed the existences of the phenomena of stimulated emission and negative absorption ; in 1939, Valentin A. Fabrikant predicted the use of stimulated emission to amplify “ short ” waves ; in 1947, Willis E. Lamb and R. C. Retherford found apparent stimulated emission in hydrogen spectra and effected the first demonstration of stimulated emission ; in 1950, Alfred Kastler ( Nobel Prize for Physics 1966 ) proposed the method of optical pumping, experimentally confirmed, two years later, by Brossel, Kastler, and Winter.

A helium-neon ( HeNe ) laser uses an electrical discharge in the helium-neon gas mixture, a Nd: YAG laser uses either light focused from a xenon flash lamp or diode lasers, and excimer lasers use a chemical reaction.

It also found use in laser printers.

** Kerr-lens modelocking ( KLM ), the use of Self-focusing as a mechanism to mode lock laser.

Current state-of-the-art photolithography tools use deep ultraviolet ( DUV ) light from excimer lasers with wavelengths of 248 and 193 nm ( the dominant lithography technology today is thus also called " excimer laser lithography "), which allow minimum feature sizes down to 50 nm.

This was due to persistent technical problems with the 157 nm technology and economic considerations that provided strong incentives for the continued use of 193 nm excimer laser lithography technology.

To understand how this is done, we may use a slightly more realistic model, that of a three-level laser.

Very high-end laser printer systems ( known as digital presses ) also use an external RIP to separate the more readily upgradable computer from the specialized printing hardware.

The project " will use a 3D laser scanner to produce a three dimensional record of more than 450 sandstone caves around Nottingham ".

* Pump-probe spectroscopy can use ultrafast laser pulses to measure reaction intermediates in the femtosecond timescale.

Technical criticism < ref > Bloembergen, N., Patel, C. K. N., Avizonis, P., Clem, Ro., and Hertzberg, A., " Report to the APS of the Study Group on Science and Technology of Directed Energy Weapons ," < cite > Reviews of Modern Physics, No. 3 </ cite >, Part II, July 1987 ; ISBN 9997342895 .</ ref > based upon unclassified calculations suggested that the X-ray laser would be of at best marginal use for missile defense .< ref > K.

More recent missions use laser altimetry and gravity measurements instead of pressure to define elevation on Mars.

Gregory lives with another scientist, Candi Long, who is working on adaptive optics for use in the development of laser weaponry.

Meanwhile, in exchange for Truetype, Apple got a license for TrueImage, a PostScript-compatible page description language owned by Microsoft that Apple could use in their laser printers. This was never actually included in any Apple products when a later deal was struck between Apple and Adobe, where Adobe promised to put a TrueType interpreter in their PostScript printer boards, Apple renewed its agreements with Adobe for the use of PostScript in its printers ; resulting in lower royalty payments to Adobe who was beginning to license printer controllers capable of competing directly with Apple's LaserWriter printers.

Computers and the first laser printer were added during the Carter administration, and the use of computer technology was expanded upon during the Reagan administration.

We are initiating research on the use of solid state materials for infrared detection using a method which will not require cooling of materials to attain high sensitivity.

If you use one of the new year-round cooling system fluids such as `` Dowguard '' be sure to check it.

In plasma generators as currently commercially available for industrial use or as high temperature research tools often more than 50% of the total energy input is being transferred to the cooling medium of the anode.

Most autonomous buildings are designed to use insulation, thermal mass and passive solar heating and cooling.

From 1944 to 1971, pump systems drew cooling water from the river and, after treating this water for use by the reactors, returned it to the river.

Cryogenic cooling of devices and material is usually achieved via the use of liquid nitrogen, liquid helium, or a cryocompressor ( which uses high pressure helium lines ).

: This term is used both for conventional p – n diodes used to monitor temperature due to their varying forward voltage with temperature, and for Peltier heat pumps for thermoelectric heating and cooling .. Peltier heat pumps may be made from semiconductor, though they do not have any rectifying junctions, they use the differing behaviour of charge carriers in N and P type semiconductor to move heat.

Helium is used in cryogenics ( its largest single use, absorbing about a quarter of production ), particularly in the cooling of superconducting magnets, with the main commercial application being in MRI scanners.

In hot environments, they generally use evaporative cooling to shed excess heat, either by sweating ( some mammals ) or panting ( many mammals and all birds )- mechanisms not generally present in poikilotherms.

Engines can be classified in many different ways: By the engine cycle used, the layout of the engine, source of energy, the use of the engine, or by the cooling system employed.

Maxim's other great innovation was the use of water cooling ( via a water jacket around the barrel ) to reduce overheating.

In a regional nuclear conflict scenario where two opposing nations in the subtropics would each use 50 Hiroshima-sized nuclear weapons ( about 15 kiloton each ) on major populated centers, the researchers estimated as much as five million tons of soot would be released, which would produce a cooling of several degrees over large areas of North America and Eurasia, including most of the grain-growing regions.

The vast majority of PCR methods use thermal cycling, i. e., alternately heating and cooling the PCR sample to a defined series of temperature steps.

In addition to the use of intercoolers, it is common practice to add extra fuel to the intake air ( known as " running an engine rich ") for the sole purpose of cooling.

Another early problem of buildup of cracks in the stator surface was eliminated by installing the spark plugs in a separate metal piece instead of screwing it directly into the block .. A later alternative solution to spark plug boss cooling was provided by variable coolant velocity scheme for water-cooled rotaries which has had widespread use and was patented by Curtiss-Wright, with the last-listed for better air-cooled engine spark plug boss cooling.

In the U. S., cooling power plants is the largest use of water.

Outboard motors benefit from the use of a submerged pump to draw water for cooling, obviating the need for radiators and cooling fans, thereby simplifying the design and lowering component weight, however constant usage in seawater is liable to cause corrosion.

The use of alcohol baths is not an appropriate cooling method, because there have been reported adverse events associated with systemic absorption of alcohol.

It is desirable to use a cooling schedule to produce convergence: see Simulated annealing.

A wet bulb thermometer also uses evaporative cooling, so it provides a good analog for use in evaluating comfort level.

Soon afterwards he built a machine from which the liquefied gas could be drawn off through a valve for use as a cooling agent, before using the liquid oxygen in research work related to meteorites ; about the same time he also obtained oxygen in the solid state.

Passenger rail cars and light rail often use disc brakes outboard of the wheels, which helps ensure a free flow of cooling air.