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The variable-quality cement which had been used in the construction of the Causeway bridges meant that by the early 2000s, they had suffered significant damage, leading to a repair contract being awarded to Kulin Group in 2004.
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Now this concern for the freedom of other peoples is the intellectual and spiritual cement which has allied us with more than forty other nations in a common defense effort.
The houses were built of unmortared stone, which means that no cement or mortar was used to hold the stones together.
The Romans also used cement, which reduced the variation of strength found in natural stone.
This is a system by which a steel or iron wire framework is built in the shape of a boat's hull and covered ( trowelled ) over with cement.
The water reacts with the cement, which bonds the other components together, eventually creating a robust stone-like material.
In 1824, Joseph Aspdin patented a similar material, which he called Portland cement, because the render made from it was in color similar to the prestigious Portland stone.
Bertrain H. Wait, an engineer whose company had worked on the construction of the New York Cities Catskill Aqueduct, was impressed with the durability of Rosendale cement, and came up with a blend of both Rosendale and synthetic cements which had the good attributes of both: it was highly durable and had a much faster setting time.
In 2006, it was estimated that China manufactured 1. 235 billion tonnes of cement, which was 44 % of the world total cement production .< ref name =" NEAA070619b "> China now no.
It has been suggested it was the mortar ( Petrie's " cement ") that made this seemingly impossible task possible, providing a level bed which enabled the masons to set the stones exactly.
In 1824 Joseph Aspdin, a British bricklayer turned builder, patented a chemical process for making portland cement which was an important advance in the building trades.
In 1955, the Soviet Union forwarded $ 100 million in credit to Afghanistan, which financed public transportation, airports, a cement factory, mechanized bakery, a five-lane highway from Kabul to the Soviet border and dams.
Surface-bonding cement, which contains synthetic fibers for reinforcement, is sometimes used in this application and can impart extra strength to a block wall.
" The software could potentially allow to cement structures which stand against democracy and competition of ideas, as well as structures which could gain a quite complete control over private communications and isolate eventual dissenting voices.
Because of a lack of cement, mud was used as the mortar for many buildings, most of which had deteriorated into a state of ruin.
Bryan's emphasis on agrarian issues, both in his speech and in his candidacy, may have helped cement voting patterns which kept the Democrats largely out of power until the 1930s.
It is a fine powder produced by grinding Portland cement clinker ( more than 90 %), a limited amount of calcium sulfate ( which controls the set time ) and up to 5 % minor constituents as allowed by various standards such as the European Standard EN197-1:
Portland cement clinker is made by heating, in a kiln, a homogeneous mixture of raw materials to a calcining temperature, which is about 1450 ° C for modern cements.
This cement was an artificial cement similar in properties to the material known as " Roman cement ", which had been patented in 1796 by James Parker.
In 1843, Aspdin's son William improved their cement, which was initially called " Patent Portland cement ", although he had no patent.
The Hoffman " endless " kiln which gave " perfect control over combustion " was tested in 1860 and showed the process produced a better grade of cement.
cement and had
Other industries had developed by that time to replace it, including the production of mathematical instruments, shoes and cement.
* Brazilian War of Independence ( 1822 – 1824 ): Series of military campaigns that had as objective to cement Brazilian sovereignty and end Portuguese resistance.
Because of the switch to Portland cement, by the end of the 1920s of the 15 Rosendale cement companies, only one had survived.
But in the early 1930s it was soon discovered that, while Portland cement had a faster setting time it was not as durable, especially for highways, to the point that some states stopped building highways and roads with cement.
Frederick had reneged on his promise to lead the Fifth Crusade, but was now eager to cement his claim to the throne through Conrad.
When Hera, the most conservative of goddesses — for she had the most to lose in changes to the order of nature — discovered that Leto was pregnant and that Zeus was the father, she realized that the offspring would cement the new order.
The purpose of these marriages was to cement the various complex alliances that Maria Theresa had entered into in the 1750s due to the Seven Years ' War, which included Parma, Naples, Russia, and more importantly Austria's traditional enemy, France.
After the trick was played, Hassan had the man killed and his head placed on a stake to cement the deception.
One such was the discovery, first recorded in 1784, of iron cement made from sal ammoniac, or ammonium chloride and iron filings, apparently discovered when Murdoch observed that these 2 components had accidentally mixed in his tool bag and formed a solid mass.
She was an obedient wife and was adored by Napoleon, who had been eager to marry a member of one of Europe's leading royal houses to cement his relatively young Empire.
The roof above these beams had first a layer of reeds laid in great quantities of bitumen, over this two courses of baked brick bonded by cement, and as a third layer of covering of
Other industrialized areas of the city had other foundries, meal mills, and factories producing wire, gas pipes, cement, and paper.
Film historian Alfred Charles Richard Jr. has commented that Saludo Amigos " did more to cement a community of interest between peoples of the Americas in a few months than the State Department had in fifty years ".
From the beginning of 1721, Philip V of Spain, and the Duke of Orléans had been negotiating the project of three Franco-Spanish marriages in order to cement tense relations between Spain and France.
cement and been
In recent years, alternatives have been developed to help replace cement.
Their use as a low-energy alternative to Portland cement has been pioneered in China, where several million tonnes per year are produced.
[...] ( However ,) China's cement export peaked in 1994 with 11 million tonnes shipped out and has been in steady decline ever since.
Although the state-owned flour-mill and cement plants have been transferred to private owners, progress on the other seven parastatals has stalled.
Thickening agents such as Styrofoam, baking soda, tar, strips of tyre tubing, blood, XPS foam, egg whites, motor oil, rubber cement, and dish soap have been added to help the burning liquid adhere to the target and create clouds of thick, choking smoke.
The output targets of cement and non-ferrous metals — two major export items — have been increased significantly.
In recent years, the chronically high inflation has been brought under control and this has led to the launch of a new currency, the " New Turkish lira ", on January 1, 2005, to cement the acquisition of the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy.
Few inscriptions of any length have been found at Petra, perhaps because they have perished with the stucco or cement which was used upon many of the buildings.
The via Appia is believed to have been the first Roman road to feature the use of lime cement.
Some success has been achieved with the use of cement mixers and bulk sieving.
Another major employer in the Charlevoix area has been the Medusa cement plant, located south of town off of US 31 near Fisherman's Island State Park.
Early in the 20th century, it had been the site of extensive steel sheet works, foundries, cement plants, and productive coal mines.
At the time, its graceful arch was the longest single-span cement bridge in the world and has been listed on the Washington State and National Historic Register since 1976.
Beginning in 1721, King Philip had been negotiating with the Duke of Orléans, the French regent, to arrange three Franco-Spanish marriages that would cement tense relations.
To suggest singes, the model had been painted with black-tinged rubber cement, with the expectation that this application would rub off.
The final development of the masonry dome may have been the work of the Guastavino family, who perfected a traditional Spanish and Italian technique for light, center-less vaulting using layers of tiles in fast-setting cement set flat against the surface of the curve, rather than perpendicular to it.
Corruption seems also to have played a major role ; many Chinese shells appear to have been filled with cement or porcelain, or were the wrong caliber and could not be fired.
Once a negative mold has been created, it is promptly filled with gypsum cement, most commonly a brand called " Ultracal-30 ", to make a " positive " mold.
The airport was closed by 1945 and in more recent times has been home to the Jobe Concrete Products " Planeport " cement factory.
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