The most common form of governance in intentional communities is democratic ( 64 %), with decisions made by some form of consensus decision-making or voting.

In turn, due to Arrow's paradox, it is not possible to have plurality voting systems with more than 2 options that retain adherence to both certain " fairness " criteria and rational decision-making criteria.

In group decision-making it is possible for a voting paradox to form.

For corporate purposes, including major financial decision-making and dealings with full-time staff members, the political organs of the union can reconvene in a corporate rather than political format — the Student Representative Assembly serves as the voting members of the corporation, with the four sabbatical officers assuming the role of a corporate Board of Directors.

Consensus-seeking decision-making ( also known as consensus / voting hybrid decision-making ) is a term sometimes used to describe a formal decision process similar to the consensus decision-making variant known as " Formal Consensus " but with the additional option of a fallback voting procedure if consensus appears unattainable during the consensus-seeking phase of the deliberations.

Consensus-based groups adopting fallback voting processes often do so in order to facilitate timely decision-making.

After a tie in the 1969 voting, the process was changed, in which each writer was to vote for three different pitchers: the first-place vote received five points, the second-place vote received three points, and the third-place vote received one point.

The voting process, though technically difficult due to the lack of infrastructure, was facilitated and organized by the Congolese Independent Electoral Commission with support from the UN mission to the Congo ( MONUC ).

This voting method is also used in multi-member constituencies in what is referred to as an exhaustive counting system where one member is elected at a time and the process repeated until the number of vacancies is filled.

Other anti-feminists oppose women's entry into the workforce, political office, and the voting process, as well as the lessening of male authority in families.

There is no voting procedure, as it operates on rough consensus process.

In the Calculus of Consent, James Buchanan and Tullock explore the relationship between individual choice in the voting process and in the marketplace, specifically within logrolling.

A vote, by the pure nature of the voting process, demonstrates explicit interest in whatever is voted upon.

Unanimous votes, however, are not required for the American voting process.

Marxist-Leninist communist parties have typically exercised close control over the electoral process of such elections, including involvement with nomination, campaigning, and voting – including counting the ballots.

Although the counting process is complicated, voting is clear and most voters get at least one of their preferences elected.

It is justified by the notion that there exist some questions best resolved through the political process, voters approving or correcting the challenged action by voting for or against those involved in the decision.

** in a closed consensus process: Restricted membership and often having formal procedures for due-process among voting members

Until the end of the 16th century, unanimity was not required, and the majority-voting process was the most commonly used system for voting.

The states unanimously ratified the Bill of Rights ; the Thirteenth Amendment, abolishing slavery ; the Fourteenth Amendment, providing for equal protection and due process ; the Fifteenth Amendment, prohibiting racial discrimination in voting ; and the Nineteenth Amendment, granting women a federal constitutional right to vote.

Later on, this developed into a process whereby each political party would create its own ballot and thus the voter would put the party's ballot into the voting box.

Its main activities are running the selection ( voting ) process for the annual convention and various awards.

In September 2006, citizens re-elected President Saleh to a second term in a generally open and competitive election, although there were multiple problems with the voting process and use of state resources on behalf of the ruling party.

A year later the voting system for the Awards was established, and the nomination and selection process began.

The voting with dollars plan would establish a system of modified public financing coupled with an anonymous campaign contribution process.

In 1977, a federal district court ruled in favor of Curtis Holt Jr. who had claimed the councils existing election process — an at large voting system — was racially biased.

The Act established extensive federal oversight of elections administration, providing that states with a history of discriminatory voting practices ( so-called " covered jurisdictions ") could not implement any change affecting voting without first obtaining the approval of the Department of Justice, a process known as preclearance.

Additionally under the Amendment, the Congress was given the authority to enforce those rights and regulate the voting process.

From 1890 to 1908, 10 Southern states wrote new constitutions with provisions that included literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses that permitted otherwise disqualified voters whose grandfathers voted ( thus allowing some white illiterates to vote ), some with the aim and effect of re-imposing racially motivated restrictions on the voting process that disenfranchised blacks.

Before August 1984, this process required covered jurisdictions to demonstrate that the voting test that they used immediately before coverage was not used in a discriminatory fashion.

and the citizen narrows his political participation to the mere act of voting -- if he votes at all ''.

it was Baker who thought of lessening the shock, which conscription always brings to a country, by substituting `` Greetings from your neighbors '' for the recruiting sergeant, and registration in familiar voting places rather than at military installations.

Section 381(a) applies only to a transfer by liquidation of a subsidiary owned to the extent of at least 80 per cent, a statutory merger or consolidation, an acquisition of substantially all a corporation's assets solely in exchange for voting stock, or a change of identity, form, or place of organization.

Nor, when we recollect how sensitive were the emotions of the old Puritan stock in regard to the recent tides of immigration, should we be astonished that their thin lips were compressed into a white line of rage as Parker snarled at them thus: `` Talk about the Catholics voting as the bishop tells!!

The Secretary promulgated the Constitution of American Samoa which was approved by a Constitutional Convention of the people of American Samoa and a majority of the voters of American Samoa voting at the 1966 election, and came into effect in 1967.

Johnson recommended that black voting begin with black troops, those who could read and write, and those who had property of at least $ 200 or $ 250.

In 371 BC at a Panhellenic congress of the Lacedaemonian allies, he voted in support of the Athenians ' claim and joined other Greeks in voting to help Athens to recover possession of Amphipolis.

Regarding institutional reforms, the party was a long-time supporter of presidentialism and a plurality voting system, and came to support also federalism and to fully accept the alliance with Lega Nord, although the relations with that party were tense at times, especially about issues regarding national unity.

Further, they opposed the creation of an electoral college to elect the leader of the Party, who had previously been elected by members of the Parliamentary Labour Party – in particular, the arrangement of block voting by constituency parties and trade unions, with the total votes of a constituency party or trade union being given to a candidate based on a first-past-the-post within that CLP or union, or changed at the discretion of delegates ( similar to primary elections in the United States ).

The SDP favoured some Thatcherite reforms during the 1980s, such as legislation aimed at reforming the trade unions ( although the parliamentary SDP actually split three ways on Norman Tebbit's 1982 Industrial Relations bill, most voting for, some against, and others abstaining ), but took a more welfarist position than the Conservative Party, being more sceptical of Conservative welfare reforms ( particularly regarding the Health Service ).

After the 1974 federal election and subsequent Joint Sitting of parliament, legislation was passed to create a unicameral Legislative Assembly, as well as members with full voting rights at a federal level.

Twelve voting delegates were seated at the 1st National Congress in 1921, as well as at the 2nd ( in 1922 ), when they represented 195 party members.

Trotsky accused the delegates of the 12th Party Congress ( 17 – 25 April 1923 ) of being indirectly elected by the center, citing that 55. 1 % of the voting delegates at the congress were full-time members, at the previous congress only 24. 8 % of the voting-delegates were full-members.

An innovation at the Council was that instead of voting as individuals, the bishops voted in national blocks, explicitly confirming the national pressures that had fueled the schism since 1378.

) take place at all, with voters free to choose any person at the time of voting — with some possible exceptions such as through a minimum age requirement — in the jurisdiction.

: This can include confusing or misleading voters about how to vote, violation of the secret ballot, ballot stuffing, tampering with voting machines, destruction of legitimately cast ballots, voter suppression, voter registration fraud, failure to validate voter residency, fraudulent tabulation of results, and use of physical force or verbal intimation at polling places.

Turnout in 2009 stood at 43 % of all European voters, ranging from 90 % in Luxembourg and Belgium ( where compulsory voting is used ) to 20 % in Slovakia.

General elections must take place at least once every four years, in which the islanders elect eight members to the Legislative Assembly ( five from Stanley and three from Camp ) through universal suffrage using block voting.

Suffrage is universal in the Falklands, with the minimum voting age at eighteen.

Fine Gael supported civil unions for same-sex couples from 2003, voting for the Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Bill 2010, and the party approved a motion at its 2012 Ard Fheis to prioritise the consideration of same-sex marriage in the upcoming constitutional convention.

Although the Brazilian Government, the Catholic Church, and the United Nations, among others, fought for the gun ban, the referendum failed at the polls, with 64 % of the voters voting no.