On the other hand, many historians now point out that most of the negative social factors popularly associated with the medieval period – poverty, warfare, religious and political persecution, for example – seem to have worsened in this era which saw the rise of Machiavellian politics, the Wars of Religion, the corrupt Borgia Popes, and the intensified witch-hunts of the 16th century.

In 1805, Tenskwatawa led a religious revival following a series of witch-hunts following an outbreak of smallpox among the Shawnee.

The National Liberal League opposed his nomination because they thought he would rely on his religious beliefs rather than the Constitution when ruling, and Senator Joseph McCarthy had read transcripts of Brennan's speech where he decried overzealous anti-Communist investigations as " witch-hunts.

Bromley was concerned that the social conflict was resembling aspects of the witch-hunts of the late Middle Ages, and that civil liberties guaranteeing religious freedom were at stake.

*" For the glory of God: how monotheism led to reformations, science, witch-hunts, and the end of slavery ", Rodney Stark, p. 330, Princeton University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-691-11436-6

Historically these beliefs were notable in Early Modern Europe of the 14th to 18th century, where witchcraft came to be seen as a vast diabolical conspiracy against Christianity and accusations of witchcraft led to large-scale witch-hunts, especially in Germanic Europe.

Among the Catholics, Protestants, and secular leadership of the European Late Medieval / Early Modern period, fears about witchcraft rose to fever pitch, and sometimes led to large-scale witch-hunts.

Also, as the TUC became increasingly bureaucratised, the Trades Councils ( often led by militant and communist-influenced lay activists ) found themselves being subject to political restrictions and purges ( particularly during various anti-communist witch-hunts ) and to having their role downplayed and marginalised.

There is no way to verify the figures reported by Roman historiographers, but if they are taken at face value, the scale of the witch-hunts in the Roman Republic in relation to the population of Italy at the time far exceeded anything that took place during the " classical " witch-craze in Early Modern Europe.

Burning was also used by Roman Catholics and Protestants during the witch-hunts of Europe.

Ordeal by water was later associated with the witch-hunts of the 16th and 17th centuries, although in this scenario the outcome was reversed from the examples above: an accused who sank was considered innocent, while floating indicated witchcraft.

According to Rydberg, the contemporary Church was still driven by the ideology of the Dark Ages, and its dualistic notions of good and evil, represented by God and the Devil, Heaven and Hell, contributed towards the horror of the witch-hunts in Europe and America in the recent past.

Ordeal by water was associated with the witch-hunts of the 16th and 17th centuries: an accused who sank was considered innocent, while floating indicated witchcraft.

The late 17th to early 18th centuries saw a number of notorious witch-hunts by the local minster.

Up-and-coming Republican politicians, such as Congressman Richard Nixon of California and Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin, built their careers by conducting witch-hunts for imagined " Communist subversion " within the federal government, and by red-baiting their election opponents.

Eifel was underdeveloped and troubled by plagues, witch-hunts and feuds in the 17th century.

Some mentally disturbed people may have been victims of the witch-hunts that spread in waves in early modern Europe .< ref > However, those judged insane were increasingly admitted to local workhouses, poorhouses and jails ( particularly the " pauper insane ") or sometimes to the new private madhouses.

They showed that the early witch-hunts originated among common people in the Switzerland and in the Croatia, who pressed the civil courts to support them.

Historian Lillian Faderman declared, " Its very establishment in the midst of witch-hunts and police harassment was an act of courage, since members always had to fear that they were under attack, not because of what they did, but merely because of who they were.

None of these allegations, launched at the height of the McCarthyite witch-hunts of the early 1950s, were ever proved, and no charges were ever brought against Wheeler, who contended that the charges of espionage were a response to his outspoken criticism of the failings of the American economic and political system.

Carlo Ginzburg, who usually studies witch-hunts during the Inquisition and microhistory, has written a book concerning this alleged " miscarriage of justice " and the relations, and differences, between the works of a judge and of a historian.

Beliefs in witchcraft, and resulting witch-hunts, existed in many cultures worldwide and still exist in some today, mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa ( e. g. the witch smellers in Bantu culture ).

Barstow views the violent and sexual nature of the witches ' mark examinations in the witch trials to be further evidence that the witch-hunts were, in fact, " women-hunts ".

Afterward, Puritanism's witch-hunts and a strengthened papacy placed women back in the same level of submission, and women were tortured and studied in the most prurient manner for " witch marks ".

As the early modern period commenced in the late 15th century, many changes began to shock Europe that would have an effect on the production of grimoires ; the historian Owen Davies classed the most important of these as being the Protestant Reformation and subsequent Catholic Counter-Reformation, the witch-hunts and the advent of printing.

The distinction became particularly pointed and controversial during the Early Modern witch-hunts, with some authors such as Johannes Hartlieb denouncing all magical practice as blasphemous, while others portrayed natural magic as not sinful.

Contemporary witch-hunts are reported from Sub-Saharan Africa, India and Papua New Guinea.

Livy emphasizes that this was a scale of persecution without precedent in Rome, but smaller-scale witch-hunts.

Altogether it may be said that in the first thirteen hundred years of the Christian era we find no trace of that fierce denunciation and persecution of supposed sorceresses which characterized the cruel witch-hunts of the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly in the Protestant areas of Europe and America.

It was the Reformation witch-hunts which are the stuff of drama and legend today because they were so manifestly devoid of justice, due process, reason and sanity.

The peak years of witch-hunts in southwest Germany were from 1561 to 1670.

Some authors claim that millions of witches were killed in Europe, while modern scholarly estimates place the total number of executions for witchcraft in the 300 year period of European witch-hunts far lower.

With communism spreading in China, Korea, and Eastern Europe, Americans came to feel so threatened that popular and political culture condoned extensive " witch-hunts " to expose communist spies.

This marked the beginning of a period of witch-hunts which lasted about 200 years, and in some countries, particularly in North-Western Europe, thousands of people were accused of witchcraft and sentenced to death.

Moral panics are considered to include some persecutions of individuals or groups, such as the Red Scare, antisemitic pogroms, Stalinist purges, the witch-hunts of Renaissance Europe.

Magic, witch-hunts, autos-da-fé, sacrifices – we are here getting to the point: your country is sick with fear ... you are afraid of the shadow of your own bomb.

* In the Middle Ages and during the witch-hunts in Europe, the bird was considered to be connected with witchcraft, just like crows, ravens and black cats.

Most accounts begin with the afflictions of the girls in the Parris household in January / February 1692 and end with the last trials in May 1693, but some start earlier to place the trials in the wider context of other witch-hunts, and some end later to include information about restitution.

Both Argentine individuals and institutions were inspired by the nativist perspective.

Grateful for the religious pluralism which enriches and ennobles our faith, we are inspired to deepen our understanding and expand our vision.

In the United States, Enlightenment philosophy ( which itself was heavily inspired by deist ideals ) played a major role in creating the principle of religious freedom, expressed in Thomas Jefferson's letters and included in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Dominic inspired his followers with loyalty to learning and virtue, a deep recognition of the spiritual power of worldly deprivation and the religious state, and a highly developed governmental structure.

The product of years of research and published shortly after his death, it shows how far Blake was inspired by dissident religious ideas rooted in the thinking of the most radical opponents of the monarchy during the English civil war.

The religious and mythical themes in Star Wars were inspired by Lucas ' interest in the writings of mythologist Joseph Campbell, and he would eventually come to identify strongly with the Eastern religious philosophies he studied and incorporated into his films, which were a major inspiration for " the Force.

The careers of Ezra and Nehemiah in the 5th century BCE were thus a kind of religious colonisation in reverse, an attempt by one of the many Jewish factions in Babylon to create a self-segregated, ritually pure society inspired by the prophesies of Ezekiel and his followers.

Throughout history, various religious cultures have been inspired or supplemented by concrete images, whether in two dimensions or three.

* 1762 – French Huguenot Jean Calas, who had been wrongly convicted of killing his son, dies after being tortured by authorities ; the event inspired Voltaire to begin a campaign for religious tolerance and legal reform.

Syncretic or eclectic approaches are sometimes inspired by historical traditions, but are not bound by any strict identification with a historical religion or culture ; eclectic and syncretic movements freely combine elements of multiple religious traditions.

The story of Passover, with its message that slaves can go free, and that the future can be better than the present, has inspired a number of religious sermons, prayers, and songs — including spirituals ( what used to be called " Negro Spirituals "), within the African-American community.

They see the sacred texts as indeed containing religious truths, divinely inspired but delivered in the language of mankind.

Some religions have religious texts which they view as divinely or supernaturally revealed or inspired.

Bronn translated " favoured races " as " perfected races ", and added essays on issues including the origin of life, as well as a final chapter on religious implications partly inspired by Bronn's adherence to Naturphilosophie.

The sheer exhilaration of participating in a religious revival with crowds of hundreds and perhaps thousands of people inspired the dancing, shouting, and singing associated with these events.

Many of its elements originated in religious ideas, but the conflict between Horus and Set may have been partly inspired by a regional struggle in Egypt's early history or prehistory.

It brought a new dimension to her religious belief and inspired her imagination.

The flight of the Madonna in the vault of the cupola of the Cathedral of Parma inspired numerous scenographical decorations in lay and religious palaces during those centuries.

Thus Rothko ’ s design of the building and the religious implications of the paintings were inspired by Roman Catholic art and architecture.

" Among them are Brainiac 417 ( a disembodied intelligence from the merged worlds of Colu and Bgztl ), Cosmicbot ( a metallic being who commands the world of Braal — his magnetism holds the worlds together as they travel ), the M ' onelves ( a super-powered collective of miniature beings from the bonded Daxam-Imsk ), Titangirl ( A living psychic manifestation of the telepaths of Titan, Implicate Girl ( Loosely inspired by Triplicate Girl, she contains the entire planet Cargg inside her bindi-like third eye and can access any Carggite's skills ), as well as an elemental darkness called the Umbra ( from Talok VIII ) and the Chameleon ( a religious fundamentalist from the " Chameleon World ," which was once known as Durla ).

Composers of Carnatic music were often inspired by religious devotion and were usually scholars proficient in one or more of the languages Kannada, Malayalam, Sanskrit, Tamil, or Telugu.

This inspired some of the " strangers " ( colonists who were not members of the congregation of religious dissenters leading the expedition ) to proclaim that since the settlement would not be made in the agreed-upon Virginia territory, they " would use their own liberty ; for none had power to command them ...." To prevent this, many of the other colonists decided to establish a government.

The neo-pagan subculture also uses this same terminology (" atavism " or " resurgent atavism ") to describe how modern, Western countries are experiencing both the decline of Christianity and the rise of religious movements inspired by the pagan religions of centuries past.

The Young Hegelians interpreted the entire state apparatus as ultimately claiming legitimacy based upon religious tenets ; while this thought was clearly inspired by the function of Lutheranism in contemporary Prussia, the Young Hegelians held the theory to be applicable to any state backed by any religion.

Taking advantage of this dissatisfaction, as well as a religious revival inspired by a Lenape prophet named Neolin, Pontiac planned a resistance.