Carnot engine diagram ( modern )-where heat flows from a high temperature T < sub > H </ sub > furnace through the fluid of the " working body " ( working substance ) and into the cold sink T < sub > C </ sub >, thus forcing the working substance to do mechanical work W on the surroundings, via cycles of contractions and expansions.

In the diagram, the “ working body ” ( system ), a term introduced by Clausius in 1850, can be any fluid or vapor body through which heat Q can be introduced or transmitted to produce work.

where is the cylinder pressure at bottom dead center which is usually at 1 atm, is the compression ratio, and is the specific heat ratio for the working fluid, which is about 1. 4 for air, and 1. 3 for methane-air mixture.

Most modern diffusion pumps use silicone oil or polyphenyl ethers as the working fluid.

As the vapor jet hits the outer cooled shell of the diffusion pump, the working fluid condenses and is recovered and directed back to the boiler.

* Work in () is done by the piston compressing the working fluid

* Work out () is done by the working fluid expanding on to the piston ( this produces usable torque )

An external combustion engine ( EC engine ) is a heat engine where an internal working fluid is heated by combustion of an external source, through the engine wall or a heat exchanger.

The engine converts the working fluid from a gas to a liquid, from liquid to gas, or both, generating work from the fluid expansion or compression.

In these cycles and engines the working fluid is always a gas ( i. e., there is no phase change ):

In these cycles and engines the working fluid are always like liquid:

The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel ( normally a fossil fuel ) occurs with an oxidizer ( usually air ) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit.

The internal combustion engine ( or ICE ) is quite different from external combustion engines, such as steam or Stirling engines, in which the energy is delivered to a working fluid not consisting of, mixed with, or contaminated by combustion products.

In a nuclear thermal rocket or solar thermal rocket a working fluid, usually hydrogen, is heated to a high temperature, and then expands through a rocket nozzle to create thrust.

Lubricants known as hydraulic fluid are used as the working fluid in hydrostatic power transmission.

Active microfluidics refers to the defined manipulation of the working fluid by active ( micro ) components as micropumps or micro valves.

If the fluid being measured is significantly dense, hydrostatic corrections may have to be made for the height between the moving surface of the manometer working fluid and the location where the pressure measurement is desired except when measuring differential pressure of a fluid ( for example across an orifice plate or venturi ), in which case the density ρ should be corrected by subtracting the density of the fluid being measured.

`` Unless the oyabun has been working on it '', he said, then checked himself and added: `` You can tell Kayabashi-san that the back road is in very good condition and will be quite safe for his party to use ''.

The extent to which we can persuade the less developed countries to appraise their own resources, to set targets toward which they should be working, to establish in the light of this forward perspective the most urgent priorities for their immediate attention, and to do the other things which they must do to help themselves, all on a realistic long-term basis, will depend importantly on the incentives we place before them.

By supporting the efforts of the many faculty members who are working to attain ever higher standards, the president can encourage faculty leadership.

Multiplication, subtraction, and addition can then be accomplished as they appear in the equation by starting at the left end of the equation and working toward the right.

in working with these patients the therapist eventually gets to do some at least private mulling over of the possible meaning of a belch, or the passage of flatus, not only because he is reduced to this for lack of anything else to analyze, but also because he learns that even these animal-like sounds constitute forms of communication in which, from time to time, quite different things are being said, long before the patient can become sufficiently aware of these, as distinct feelings and concepts, to say them in words.

Philosophy can prevent the working scientist from becoming slothful and self-content by noting the assumptions and level at which a hypothesis or theory is framed.

The mediums with whom the Parapsychology Foundation is working in this experiment are in a waking or only slightly dissociated state, so that the sitter can make comments, ask and answer questions, instead of talking with a `` control '' who speaks through an entranced sensitive.

This has been a working session of an organization that, by its very nature, can only proceed along its route step by step and without dramatic changes.

`` And then whenever I have a minute I can be working at it, and keep an eye on the baby and the stove at the same time.

`` You can get a job working in a grocery store, if nothing else ''.

Although human morphology is not necessarily the ideal form for working robots, the fascination in developing robots that can mimic it can be found historically in the assimilation of two concepts: simulacra ( devices that exhibit likeness ) and automata ( devices that have independence ).

After finishing its work on the first car, the engine installation crew can begin working on the second car.

Most acute aphasia patients can recover some or most skills by working with a Speech-Language Pathologist.

Well-funded groups like Canada's Ballard Power Systems are also working to develop a " regenerative fuel cell ", a device that can generate hydrogen and oxygen when power is available, and combine these efficiently when power is needed.

A half dozen laborers working around the clock can fire approximately 15, 000-25, 000 bricks a day.

Behaviorism insisted on working only with what can be seen or manipulated and in the early views of John B. Watson, a founder of the field, nothing was inferred as to the nature of the entity that produced the behavior.

In the UK, mechanical engineers working in the areas of Medical Engineering, Bioengineering or Biomedical engineering can gain Chartered Engineer status through the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.

At the same time, computer scientists working in the field of Artificial Intelligence have pursued the goal of creating digital computer programs that can simulate or embody consciousness.

Second, and even more importantly, working memory allows information to be integrated over time so that it can generate a stable representation of the world — Gerald Edelman expressed this point vividly by titling one of his books about consciousness The Remembered Present.

Almost every item in the game can be normal, cursed, or enchanted, with curses and enchantments working in a manner similar to NetHack.

The player can tell the dealer that they want their odds working, such that if the shooter rolls a number that matches the come point, the odds bet will win along with the come bet, and if a seven is rolled, both lose.

By rules, place bets are NOT working on the come out roll but can be " turned on " by the player.

The working test of `` the facts '' must always be the best available description obtainable from scholars and scientists who have applied their methods of investigation to relevant situations.

At this point a working definition of idea is in order, although our first definition will have to be qualified somewhat as we proceed.

In the spring, it must have been, he began working on the play that he called The House, which later would be Mannerhouse.

The bank which held the mortgage on the old church declared that the interest was considerably in arrears, and the real estate people said flatly that the land across the river was being held for an eventual development for white working people who were coming in, and that none would be sold to colored folk.

As long as there were two human beings working together on the same project, there would be competition and you could no more escape it than you could expect to escape the grave.

We should hope that peace corps projects will be truly international and that our citizens will find themselves working alongside citizens of the host country and also volunteers from other lands.

Mr. Devey will be responsible for the commercial expansion of VecTrol's line of electronic and electrical power control components as furnished to end equipment manufacturers, working closely with Walter J. Brown, President and Director of Engineering of the recently acquired Sprague subsidiary.

As the work progresses the frame and moving parts become a sort of Chinese puzzle where several pieces must be removed before the part you are working on is accessible.

Often, in working out-of-doors under all conditions of light and atmosphere, a particular passage that looked favorable in relation to the subject will be too bright, too dull, or too light, or too dark when viewed indoors in a mat.

Make sure you don't pay for holidays that occur when an employee would not otherwise be working.

Check the temperature gage and be sure it is working.

Noticing Russell's horse in front of the long log building, he assumed his friend had slipped inside and would be able to put up a good fight, so he began working his way down the ditch to join him.

It may well be that, when Rudy Pozzatti and I visited your country last spring, you were living and working close to the places we saw and the streets we walked.

These trends seem to be working at cross-purposes in the metropolis.

I knew that I'd soon be back working as an orderly at the hospital or as a counterman at Union News or Schraffts while waiting for another acting job to open.

It was nothing that he said or did, but it seemed so natural to her that she should be working for him, looking forward to his eventual proposal.

Years ago when I asked her to put me in Social Security, so's I wouldn't have to be working now, Miss Julia threatened to fire me -- all because it would mean a few more dollars a year to her ''.

The former secretary of labor said he was proud to be an Eisenhower Republican `` and proud to have absorbed his philosophy '' while working in his adminstration.

At least this seemed to be the working hypothesis for `` Chicago And All That Jazz '', presented on NBC-TV Nov. 26.

Funds raised from the sale of land were to be used to bring out working class emigrants, who would have to work hard for the monied settlers to ever afford their own land.