Thermodynamics does not describe the microscopic constituents of matter, and its laws can be derived from statistical mechanics.

Thermodynamics arose from the study of energy transfers that can be strictly resolved into two distinct components, heat and work, specified by macroscopic variables.

This relates to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which states that heat can flow in only one direction, from hotter to colder.

Similarly, the First Law of Thermodynamics can be written as.

However, work by Richard C. Tolman in 1934 showed that these early attempts failed because of the cyclic problem: according to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, entropy can only increase.

Stagnation temperature can be derived from the First Law of Thermodynamics.

The First Law of Thermodynamics is a statement of the conservation of energy ; though it can be changed from one form to another, energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

The first half of the 20th century saw the publication of two influential textbooks that soon came to be regarded as founding documents of chemical thermodynamics, both of which used and extended Gibbs's work in that field: these were Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Processes ( 1923 ), by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall, and Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of Willard Gibbs ( 1933 ), by Edward A. Guggenheim.

However the tendency of hot bodies to get cold ( see Thermodynamics ) and by Le Chatelier's Principle — the statistical mechanics extension of Newton's Third Law — to oppose this tendency should be noted.

If the object is radiating at a higher temperature than its surroundings, then power transfer will be taking place and power will be radiating from warm to cold following the principle stated in the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

In 1873, for example, Willard Gibbs, in his paper “ Graphical Methods in the Thermodynamics of Fluids ”, states: “ The quantities V, B, T, U, and S are determined when the state of the body is given, and it may be permitted to call them functions of the state of the body .”

The Second Law of Thermodynamics was expressed via the following axiom: " In the neighbourhood of any initial state, there are states which cannot be approached arbitrarily close through adiabatic changes of state.

This may only be circumvented by the use of logically reversible computing, due to the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

When applied to macroscopic systems, the FT is equivalent to the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

* Non-equilibrium Statistical Thermodynamics applied to Fluid Dynamics and Laser Physics-1992-book by Xavier de Hemptinne.

Thermodynamics is the branch of natural science concerned with heat and its relation to other forms of energy and work.

Thermodynamics is the science of energy conversion involving heat and other forms of energy, most notably mechanical work.

* Thermodynamics, the branch of physical science concerned with heat and its relation to other forms of energy and work.

* Four semesters of basic sciences in chemical engineering: Fluids mechanics, Thermodynamics ( First & second law, heat and mass balances, cycles ...), Thermodynamics for Chemical Engineers ( Raoult Law, Equations of State, Virial Coefficients, Fugacity, Models ( Unifac, NRTL, etc.

Tribus published two books ; Thermostatics and Thermodynamics, which provided the first textbook that bases the laws of thermodynamics on information theory rather than on the classical arguments, and Rational Descriptions, Decisions, and Designs, which introduces Bayesian Decision methods into the engineering design process.

The earliest such definition of the intensive property molality and of its adjectival unit, the now-deprecated molal ( formerly, a variant of molar, describing a solution of unit molar concentration ), appear to have been coined by G. N. Lewis and M. Randall in their 1923 publication of Thermodynamics and the Free Energies of Chemical Substances.

See the article on the Second Law of Thermodynamics for a further discussion of such irreversibilities.

The European Comission intends to introduce a type approval procedure to measure the energy efficiency of mobile air conditioning systems in vehicles, as well as its effect on fuel consumption and emissions, and display an efficiency label on the vehicle ; the work is being performed by TU Graz ( Insitute for Internal combustion engines and Thermodynamics ), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki ( Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics ), TNO and ACEA.

:* Thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and physical chemistry, for phase equilibrium conditions, phase diagrams of materials systems ( multi-phase, multi-component, reacting and non-reacting systems )

With the writings of Théophile de Donder as precedent, Ilya Prigogine and Defay in Chemical Thermodynamics ( 1954 ) defined chemical affinity in terms of the uncompensated heat of reaction Q the reaction progress variable or reaction extent ξ ; as the ratio of their infinitesimal increments:

From the 1998 textbook Modern Thermodynamics by Nobel Laureate and chemistry professor Ilya Prigogine we find: " As motion was explained by the Newtonian concept of force, chemists wanted a similar concept of ‘ driving force ’ for chemical change.

* Second Law of Thermodynamics: The entropy of any closed system always tends to increase, and thus the nature of any given system is continuously changing even as efforts are directed toward maintaining it in its original form.

* Thermodynamics gives fair assurance, even without more information about alcohol and water than that they freely dissolve in each other, that

Since this process does not involve any heat transfer or work, the First Law of Thermodynamics then implies that the net internal energy change of the system is zero.

Thermodynamics of the universe is a field of study that explores which form of energy dominates the cosmos-relativistic particles which are referred to as radiation, or non-relativistic particles which are referred to as matter.

The first was the 1923 textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall.

The second was the 1933 book Modern Thermodynamics by the methods of Willard Gibbs written by E. A. Guggenheim.

According to chemistry historian Henry Leicester, the influential 1923 textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Reactions by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall led to the replacement of the term " affinity " by the term " free energy " in much of the English-speaking world.

Thermodynamics developed gradually over the first half of the nineteenth century, building on the above theory of calorimetry which had been worked out before it, and on other discoveries.

Equilibrium Thermodynamics, second edition, McGraw-Hill, London, ISBN 0-07-084057-1.

A Survey of Thermodynamics, American Institute of Physics, New York, ISBN 0-88318-797-3.

Thermodynamics.

Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics, second edition, Wiley, New York, ISBN 981-253-185-8.

Heat, Thermodynamics, and Statistical Physics, Rupert Hart-Davis, London, Harcourt, Brace, & World.

Thermodynamics.

( 1973 / 1981 ), Atmospheric Thermodynamics, second edition, D. Reidel, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, ISBN 90-277-1296-4.

Introduction to Modern Thermodynamics, Wiley, Chichester, ISBN 978-0-470-01598-8.

Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, ISBN 0-19-851142-6.

Thermodynamics, second edition revised by K. S Pitzer, L. Brewer, McGraw-Hill, New York.

Treatise on Thermodynamics, third English edition translated by A. Ogg from the seventh German edition, Longmans, Green & Co., London.