These results refined Ernest Rutherford's and Antonius Van den Broek's model, which proposed that the atom contains in its nucleus a number of positive nuclear charges that is equal to its ( atomic ) number in the periodic table.

These states are labeled by a set of quantum numbers summarized in the term symbol and usually associated with particular electron configurations, i. e., by occupation schemes of atomic orbitals ( e. g., 1s < sup > 2 </ sup > 2s < sup > 2 </ sup > 2p < sup > 6 </ sup > for the ground state of neon -- term symbol: < sup > 1 </ sup > S < sub > 0 </ sub >).

These quantum numbers only occur in certain combinations of values, and their physical interpretation changes depending on whether real or complex versions of the atomic orbitals are employed.

These light elements keep being spread too fast and too tightly in the Big Bang process ( see nucleosynthesis ) due to which they formed stable medium-sized atomic nuclei, like iron and nickel.

These categories surely have some objects that are " special " in a certain way, such as the empty set or the product of two topologies, yet in the definition of a category, objects are considered to be atomic, i. e., we do not know whether an object A is a set, a topology, or any other abstract concept – hence, the challenge is to define special objects without referring to the internal structure of those objects.

These shape characteristics are not necessary for a crystal — a crystal is scientifically defined by its microscopic atomic arrangement, not its macroscopic shape — but the characteristic macroscopic shape is often present and easy to see.

These coefficients can be positive or negative, depending on the energies and symmetries of the individual atomic orbitals.

These numerical co-incidences refer to such quantities as the ratio of the age of the universe to the atomic unit of time, the number of electrons in the universe, and the difference in strengths between gravity and the electric force for the electron and proton.

These fuels break apart into a bimodal range of chemical elements with atomic masses centering near 95 and 135 u ( fission products ).

These wars resulted ( though war's evolution has not yet ended ) in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, with all the forces and capabilities of the state devoted to destroying forces and capabilities of the enemy state ( thus " total war ").

These ideas were later realized by the use of the scanning tunneling microscope, the atomic force microscope and other examples of probe microscopy and storage systems such as Millipede, created by researchers at IBM.

These semantics are stronger than safe semantics but weaker than atomic semantics: they guarantee that there is a total order to the write operations which is consistent with real-time and that read operations return either the value of the last completed write or that of one of the writes which are concurrent with the read.

These absorptions and emissions, often referred to as atomic spectral lines, are due to electronic transitions of an outer shell electron to an excited state.

These include photon scanning microscopy ( PSTM ), which uses an optical tip to tunnel photons ; scanning tunneling potentiometry ( STP ), which measures electric potential across a surface ; spin polarized scanning tunneling microscopy ( SPSTM ), which uses a ferromagnetic tip to tunnel spin-polarized electrons into a magnetic sample, and atomic force microscopy ( AFM ), in which the force caused by interaction between the tip and sample is measured.

These elements are created in quantities on the atomic scale and no method of mass creation has been found.

These systems are not only used for Broadcast programming and for video server play-out, but use exact atomic time from GPS or other sources to maintain perfect synchronization with upstream and downstream systems, so that programming appears seamless to audience viewers.

These atomic weights were based on the stoichiometric proportions of chemical reactions and compounds, a fact that greatly aided their acceptance: It was not necessary for a chemist to subscribe to atomic theory ( an unproven hypothesis at the time ) to make practical use of the tables.

" These uncertainty relations give us that measure of freedom from the limitations of classical concepts which is necessary for a consistent description of atomic processes.

These trends of the atomic radii ( and of various other chemical and physical properties of the elements ) can be explained by the electron shell theory of the atom ; they provided important evidence for the development and confirmation of quantum theory.

These two factors ( constancy of atomic volume and constancy of mole-specific heat capacity ) result in a good correlation between the volume of any given solid chemical element and its total heat capacity.

These research, development, and production efforts focused both on the development of the necessary fissile materials to power the nuclear chain reactions in the atomic bombs and on the design, testing, and manufacture of the bombs themselves.

These dark fixed lines were later shown to be atomic absorption lines, as explained by Kirchhoff and Bunsen in 1859.

These groups correspond to the filling of the atomic d-orbital subshell of the second outermost shell ( inside an outermost shell only containing 1 or 2 s-orbital electrons ) with electron configurations ranging from s < sup > 2 </ sup > d < sup > 1 </ sup > ( Group 3 ) to s < sup > 2 </ sup > d < sup > 10 </ sup > ( Group 12 ).

These orbitals are classified as antibonding ( weakening the bond order from three to two ), so the diatomic oxygen bond is weaker than the diatomic nitrogen triple bond in which all bonding molecular orbitals are filled, but some antibonding orbitals are not.

These orbitals are known as Landau levels, and at weak magnetic fields, their existence gives rise to many interesting " quantum oscillations " such as the Shubnikov – de Haas oscillations and the de Haas – van Alphen effect ( which is often used to map the Fermi surface of metals ).

These forces constrain electrons to occupy orbitals around nuclei, which give rise to chemical bonds and thus allow stiff objects such as rocks to exist.

These irreducible representations correspond to the symmetry of the orbitals involved.

These electrons are associated with the whole molecule rather than any particular atom and occupy the so-called-molecular orbitals.

These atomic orbitals are called Slater-type orbitals.

These questions eventually pointed the way to quantum mechanical explanations of the structure of the atom, and it turns out that the Pauli exclusion principle and the existence of discrete electron orbitals is responsible for making bulk matter rigid.

These orbitals share a nodal plane which passes through both of the involved nuclei.

These are often divided into bonding orbitals, anti-bonding orbitals, and non-bonding orbitals.

These orbitals are results of electron-nucleus interactions that are caused by the fundamental force of electromagnetism.

These orbitals, being so close in energy, may fill together all at the same time, resulting in a series of very similar elements with many barely distinguishable oxidation states.

These orbitals are of appropriate energy to form bonding interaction with ligands.

These orbitals, being so close in energy, may fill together all at the same time, resulting in a series of very similar elements with many barely distinguishable oxidation states.

These corrections have differential effects on the electrons in various atomic orbitals within the atom, according to the speed of these electrons relative to the speed of light.

These polarized frontier orbitals are of similar energy, and react efficiently to form a new carbon-carbon bond.

These electronic states differ only in the spin and the occupancy of oxygen's two degenerate antibonding π < sub > g </ sub >- orbitals ( see degenerate energy level ).

These are just another couple of characters to roll.

These men are not callous.

These things are important to almost all Persians and perhaps most important to the most ordinary.

These are traversed by another line of vaults, and thus rooms, arched on all four sides, are formed.

These songs ( practically all Persian music, for that matter ) are limited to a range of two octaves.

These are not, however, differences in federal structure.

These my grandmother left in their places ( they are still there, more persistent and longer-lived than the generations of man ) and planted others like them, that flourished without careful tending.

These are like the initial ways in which the world forces itself upon the self and thrusts the self into decision and choice.

These are suggestive of Selma Lagerlof.

These assumptions lead to an organization with one man at the top, six directly under him, six under each of these, and so on until there are six levels of personnel.

These ways are absolutely irreconcilable because they offer two different recipes for man's redemption from chaos.

These responses are explicable in terms of characteristics inherent in the crisis.

These discoveries are of present interest chiefly to the scientific community ; ;

These are personality factors ; ;

These are, if the research is done with subtlety and skill, researchable topics, but the research is missing.

These moments are historical events in the lives of individual authors with which the student of comparative literature must be frequently concerned.

These lives are in themselves outside of the moral order and are unburdened with moral responsibility.

These conceptions and the manner in which they were transposed into poetry or engendered by poetic form are intrinsic to western life from the time of Aeschylus to that of Shakespeare.

These biographical analogies are obvious, and far too much time has been spent speculating on their possible implications.

These women whose organization grew out of the old suffrage movement are dedicated to Thomas Jefferson's dictum that one must cherish the people's spirit but `` Keep alive their attention ''.

These are, of course, the same people whose support he has only now rejected to seek the independent vote.

These are New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Maryland, Missouri, New Jersey, Illinois and Minnesota.

These men are spenders.