The modern concept of the master race in general derives from 19th-century racial theory, which posited a hierarchy of races based on darkness of skin color.

This 19th-century concept was largely initially developed by Count Joseph Arthur De Gobineau.

The concept of maternal impression — that the emotional experiences of pregnant women could have lasting physical effect on their unborn children — was still common in 19th-century England.

The concept of intentionality was reintroduced in 19th-century contemporary philosophy by the philosopher and psychologist Franz Brentano in his work Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint ( 1874 ).

The concept of shtetl culture is used as a metaphor for the traditional way of life of 19th-century Eastern European Jews.

This is similar in concept to the traditional Finnish hunting knife, the " puukko " ( though the typical early 19th-century Bowie knife was far larger and heavier than the typical puukko ).

A similar concept, with aristocracy in place of capitalism, comes from the 19th-century philosopher Alexander Herzen, who in From the Other Shore ( 1855 ) wrote " It is they, none other, who are dying of cold and hunger ... while you and I in our rooms on the first floor are chatting about socialism ' over pastry and champagne.

The term derives from Franz Reuleaux, a 19th-century German engineer who did pioneering work on ways that machines translate one type of motion into another, although the concept was known before his time.

Herbert Spencer was a 19th-century English philosopher who developed ideas about the unifying concept of evolution across the natural and social sciences.

The informed judge is a concept that 19th-century political philosopher John Stuart Mill used when describing utilitarianism.

Joachim was a proponent of the late 19th-century concept of leaving the studio and painting in nature.

In addition to his scientific work, he was a social activist who was critical of what he considered to be an unjust social and economic system in 19th-century Britain.

Among the changes starting in the 19th-century gold rushes was the introduction of words, spellings, terms and usages from North American English.

To many 19th-century Europeans, this was scandalous.

Their accuracy has been called into question, however ( e. g., by Chauncey Brewster Tinker in The Translations of Beowulf, a comprehensive survey of 19th-century translations and editions of Beowulf ), and the extent to which the manuscript was actually more readable in Thorkelin's time is unclear.

Present-day written Bulgarian language was standardized on the basis of the 19th-century Bulgarian vernacular.

It has also been suggested that 19th-century bunyip lore was reinforced by imported European memories, such as that of the Irish Púca.

In 1998, Pensacola Christian College produced a widely distributed videotape, arguing that this " leaven of fundamentalism " was passed from the 19th-century Princeton theologian Benjamin B. Warfield ( 1851 – 1921 ) to Charles Brokenshire ( 1885 – 1954 ), who served BJU as Dean of the School of Religion, and then to current BJU faculty members and graduates.

Classical philology was a major preoccupation of the 19th-century German

By the mid-20th century, the number of examples of people skipping stages, such as going from hunter-gatherers to post-industrial service occupations in one generation, were so numerous that 19th-century evolutionism was effectively disproved.

The game was viewed as a rather innocuous pastime – unlike the perception that diversions such as card playing or dancing were considered " works of the Devil " as held by many 19th-century Protestant groups.

Others believe it was a corrupted term of " Chilango ", meaning an inhabitant from Mexico City or Central Mexico ( i. e. the highland states of Mexico ( state ), Jalisco, Puebla ( state ) and Michoacán ); and even from the term " Chileno " by the Chilean presence in mid 19th-century California, when miners from Chile arrived in the California Gold Rush ( 1848 – 51 ).

The term classical liberalism was applied in retrospect to distinguish earlier 19th-century liberalism from the newer social liberalism.

* Gradačac Castle is a citadel, also a palace of Husein " Dragon Of Bosnia " Gradaščević who was a renowned 19th-century military Bosnian Captain, overlooking the historic core of Gradačac-National monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina

The French bow was not widely popular until its adoption by 19th-century virtuoso Giovanni Bottesini.

Historically, especially in late 18th-and early 19th-century Britain, a dandy, who was self-made, often strove to imitate an aristocratic lifestyle despite coming from a middle-class background.

" One of Lenin's challenges was distancing materialism, as a viable philosophical outlook, from the " vulgar materialism " expressed in the statement " the brain secretes thought in the same way as the liver secretes bile " ( attributed to 18th c. physician Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis, 1757 – 1808 ); " metaphysical materialism " ( matter composed of immutable particles ); and 19th-century " mechanical materialism " ( matter as random molecules interacting per the laws of mechanics ).

Edvard Munch (; 12 December 1863 – 23 January 1944 ) was a Norwegian painter and printmaker whose intensely evocative treatment of psychological themes built upon some of the main tenets of late 19th-century Symbolism and greatly influenced German Expressionism in the early 20th century.

Unlike most of the visual arts, opera was commercially profitable, accessible to most classes of society, and thus an effective means of reaching the 19th-century public.

As Greenwich Village was once a rural hamlet, to the north of the 17th century European settlement on Manhattan Island, its street layout is more haphazard than the grid pattern of the 19th-century grid plan ( based on the Commissioners ' Plan of 1811 ).

The piece was an extravaganza in which the classical Greek gods, grown elderly, are temporarily replaced by a troupe of 19th-century actors and actresses, one of whom is the eponymous Thespis, the Greek father of the drama.

Apart from some western troupes ' 19th-century visits, the first professional performance of Hamlet in Japan was Otojiro Kawakami's 1903 Shimpa (" new school theatre ") adaptation.

Another political issue in 19th-century Greece was uniquely Greek: the language question.

The modern sophisticated instrument spanning 6½ octaves in virtually all keys was perfected by the 19th-century French maker Sébastien Érard and because of its pedal-driven ability to play all sharps and flats of all notes within its range, it continues today as the standard style of most large professional concert harps.

The emancipation of the serfs in 1861 was the single most important event in 19th-century Russian history.

In 19th-century travel writing, the term incorporated eastern regions under then current or recent governance of the Ottoman empire, such as Greece.

For example, many 18th-and 19th-century scholars, including Samuel Johnson, Lewis Theobald, George Steevens, Edmond Malone, and James Halliwell-Phillipps, placed the composition of Henry VIII prior to 1604, as they believed Elizabeth's execution of Mary, Queen of Scots ( the then king James I's mother ) made any vigorous defence of the Tudors politically inappropriate in the England of James I. Oxfordians cite these sources to place the composition of the play within Oxford's lifetime.

The 19th-century " man of letters ", Isaac D ' Israeli, recounts that one day, when they came home from hunting and were joking around as was their wont within the " family ", Commines " ordered " the prince to remove Commines's boots as if he were a servant ; laughing, the prince did so but then tossed the boot at Commines, and it bloodied his nose.

The university was founded on 22 September 1910 by Justo Sierra, then Minister of Education in the Porfirio Díaz regime, who sought to create a very different institution from its 19th-century precursor, the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico, which had been founded on 21 September 1551 by a royal decree signed by Crown Prince Phillip on behalf of Charles I of Spain and brought to a definitive closure in 1867 by Benito Juárez and his fellow Liberals.

Early hillbilly also borrowed elements of the blues and drew upon more aspects of 19th-century pop songs as hillbilly music evolved into a commercial genre eventually known as country and western and then simply country.

A 19th-century gold rush was followed by prosperity brought on by first the opening of a crude oil transshippment facility in 1924 and then in 1928 with the opening of an oil refinery.

His shocking descriptions of conditions in working-class 19th-century Paris drew widespread admiration for their realism, then as now, and the novel remains one of the most powerful in the French language.

Kazakh ethnographer and historian Shokan Shinghisuly Walikhanuli was unable to find evidence of folk-memory during his extended research in 19th-century Kyrgyzstan ( then part of the expanding Russian empire ) nor has any been found since.

With 19th-century immigration, more and more English-speaking merchants and residents continued to arrive in what had by then become known as Montreal.

This 19th-century children's group game ( requiring around 10 or more players total ) is thought to have originated in Britain and then spread to Australia, Canada and the United States.

The 19th-century wars of independence are often cast, then and now, as a struggle between Peninsulares and Criollos, but both groups can be found on both sides of the wars.

Based on a parable by the 19th-century French economist Frédéric Bastiat, it points out that if a person broke a grocer's window then some people could argue that it was a benefit to the town, as it would provide a job for a glazier, who would then buy more from the tailor and so on.

The hair-pipe breastplates of 19th-century Plains Indians were made from the West Indian conch, brought to New York docks as ballast and then traded to native Americans of the upper Missouri River.

The Werewolf, Topaz, and others then battled and were nearly driven mad by the ghost of 19th-century black magician Belaric Marcosa, but they freed the trapped spirits of Marcosa's enemies, who destroyed him, and the grateful spirits healed Buck.

The designation of Autoroute Louis-H Lafontaine is named after Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine, a 19th-century Lower Canada leader of what was then the Province of Canada.

In mathematics, the Riemann series theorem ( also called the Riemann rearrangement theorem ), named after 19th-century German mathematician Bernhard Riemann, says that if an infinite series is conditionally convergent, then its terms can be arranged in a permutation so that the series converges to any given value, or even diverges.

One of the oldest streets in Hong Kong, it was dedicated to the 19th-century Prussian Christian missionary Karl Gutzlaff, who also worked for the British East India Company and then the colonial Hong Kong government.

Lowrie was described by George Alfred Townsend, a late 19th-century New York Herald correspondent, as “ ne of those remarkable executive spirits that arises now and then in a raw community without advantages other than those given by nature.

The O & W entered bankruptcy as early as 1937 ( which it ultimately would never emerge from ), and, apart from total dieselization by the early 1950s, it operated as a virtual 19th-century " time warp " ( then known to locals as the " Old & Weary ", " Old & Wobbly " or " Old Woman ").