The use of the abacus in Ancient Egypt is mentioned by the Greek historian Herodotus, who writes that the Egyptians manipulated the pebbles from right to left, opposite in direction to the Greek left-to-right method.

The earliest archaeological evidence for the use of the Greek abacus dates to the 5th century BC.

The Greek abacus was a table of wood or marble, pre-set with small counters in wood or metal for mathematical calculations.

In their original Greek version, Doric columns stood directly on the flat pavement ( the stylobate ) of a temple without a base ; their vertical shafts were fluted with 20 parallel concave grooves ; and they were topped by a smooth capital that flared from the column to meet a square abacus at the intersection with the horizontal beam ( entablature ) that they carried.

It also meant a pebble used for calculating, or a small stone used as a counter in an abacus ( Latin abacus, Greek abax ).

Abacus is a Latin word that has its origins in the Greek words abax or abacus ( meaning " table " or " tablet ") which in turn, possibly originated from the Semitic word abq, meaning " sand ".

This period of Greek art saw a veneration of the human physical form and the development of corresponding skills to show musculature, poise, beauty and anatomically correct proportions.

Since the following two hundred years saw the rise of the Classical Greek civilization, which has been enduringly influential in western society, the Battle of Marathon is often seen as a pivotal moment in European history.

The Italian invasion of Greece in October 1940 saw mounted cavalry used effectively by the Greek defenders along the mountainous frontier with Albania.

According to Philo, the visit was met with jeers from the Greek population who saw Agrippa as the king of the Jews.

During the 1990s, the College saw a major academic overhaul under President James O. Freedman and a controversial ( and ultimately unsuccessful ) 1999 initiative to encourage the school's single-sex Greek houses to go coed.

The big European powers saw the war of Greek independence, with its accounts of Turkish atrocities, in a romantic light ( see, for example, the 1824 painting Massacre of Chios by Eugène Delacroix ).

Many of the educated elite saw this as a peasant dialect and were determined to restore the glories of Ancient Greek.

Although traditional Judaism had adopted some features of Kabbalah, it adapted them to fit its own system: it added to its own ritualism the asceticism of the " practical kabbalists " just across the eastern borders in the ancient Greek and Anatolian Jewish communities under the Ottoman Empire, who saw the essence of earthly existence only in fasting, in penance, and in spiritual sadness.

Formal Latin literature began in 240 BC, when a Roman audience saw a Latin version of a Greek play.

The efforts began in earnest again during the Renaissance, which saw a revival of the study of ancient Greek texts.

He saw the invasion as a way of making the Greek Church submit to the views of those that occupied their city.

The mid-16th century saw the rise of vernacular rhetorics — those written in English rather than in the Classical languages ; adoption of works in English was slow, however, due to the strong orientation toward Latin and Greek.

Of greater importance is that this century saw the development of a modern, vernacular style that looked to English, rather than to Greek, Latin, or French models.

Champollion, in 1822, saw copies of the brief hieroglyphic and Greek inscriptions of the Philae obelisk, on which William John Bankes had tentatively noted the names " Ptolemaios " and " Kleopatra " in both languages.

The Physiologus is a didactic text written or compiled in Greek by an unknown author, in Alexandria ; its composition has been traditionally dated to the 2nd century AD by readers who saw parallels with writings of Clement of Alexandria, who is asserted to have known the text, though Alan Scott has made a case for a date at the end of the third or in the 4th century.

The period also saw the beginning of the ' discovery ' of many Greek works which had been lost to the Latin West.

While the Greeks of the classical era understood themselves to belong to a common Greek genos their first loyalty was to their city and they saw nothing incongruous about warring, often brutally, with other Greek city-states.

The spiritual revolution that took place saw a waning of the old Greek religion, whose decline beginning in the 3rd century BC continued with the introduction of new religious movements from the East.

So by the time Darius ' troops arrived, they saw the same Greek force waiting for them.

According to this version, Constantine with his army was marching ( Eusebius does not specify the actual location of the event, but it clearly is not in the camp at Rome ), when he looked up to the sun and saw a cross of light above it, and with it the Greek words " Εν Τούτῳ Νίκα ", En toutō níka, usually translated into Latin as " in hoc signo vinces ," both phrases have the literal meaning " In this sign, shall conquer ;" a more free translation would be " Through this sign shall conquer ".

The Greek historian Aristotle Kallis wrote that the best evidence suggests that in late 1940 Hitler was serious about carrying out Raeder's " Mediterranean plan ", but only within certain strict limits and conditions, and that he saw the " Mediterranean plan " as part of the preparations for Barbarossa by defeating Britain first.

Ancient Greek art saw a veneration of the human physical form and the development of equivalent skills to show musculature, poise, beauty and anatomically correct proportions.

During the summer of 2007, 9th and 9th saw sidewalk and street improvements as well as an art installation by Troy Pillow of Seattle, Washington inspired by the 9 Muses of Greek myth, thanks in part to a monetary grant from Salt Lake City.

I have chosen to use the word `` mimesis '' in its Christian rather than its classic implications and to discover in the concrete forms of both art and myth powers of theological expression which, as in the Christian mind, are the direct consequence of involvement in historical experience, which are not reserved, as in the Greek mind, only to moments of theoretical reflection.

There are dozens of alphabets in use today, the most common being the Latin alphabet ( which was derived from the Greek ).

* A language may use different sets of symbols or different rules for distinct sets of vocabulary items, such as the Japanese hiragana and katakana syllabaries, or the various rules in English for spelling words from Latin and Greek, or the original Germanic vocabulary.

A possible etymology is a derivation from the Greek word – aiges = " waves " ( Hesychius of Alexandria ; metaphorical use of ( aix ) " goat "), hence " wavy sea ", cf.

The use of minted coins continued to flourish during the Greek and Roman eras.

The traditional etymology is from the Latin aperire, " to open ," in allusion to its being the season when trees and flowers begin to " open ," which is supported by comparison with the modern Greek use of ἁνοιξις ( anoixis ) ( opening ) for spring.

In a related use, from 1975, British naturalist Sir Peter Scott coined the scientific term " Nessiteras rhombopteryx " ( Greek for " The monster ( or wonder ) of Ness with the diamond shaped fin ") for the apocryphal Loch Ness Monster.

The Greek ἀμβροσία ( ambrosia ) is semantically linked to the Sanskrit अम ृ त ( amrita ) as both words denote a drink or food that gods use to achieve immortality.

Yet we may with better reason suppose that it came originally from a foreign mythology, and that the accident of its numerical value in Greek merely caused it to be singled out at Alexandria for religious use.

He was a cultivated patron of literature and art, and it was in his time that the first printing press authorized to use the Arabic or Turkish languages was set up in Constantinople, operated by Ibrahim Muteferrika ( while the printing press had been introduced to Constantinople in 1480, all works published before 1729 were in Greek, Armenian, or Hebrew ).

Although originating in the mainland of Greece, use of the acropolis model quickly spread to Greek colonies such as the Dorian Lato on Crete during the Archaic Period.

According to the Christian doctrine of Universal Reconciliation, the Greek New Testament scriptures use the word " eon " to mean a long period ( perhaps 1000 years ) and the word " eonian " to mean " during a long period "; Thus there was a time before the eons, and the eonian period is finite.

The Greek mathematician Menaechmus solved problems and proved theorems by using a method that had a strong resemblance to the use of coordinates and it has sometimes been maintained that he had introduced analytic geometry.

Similar small shrines, called naiskoi, are found in Greek religion, but their use was strictly religious.

The fact that the Aeginetan standard of weights and measures ( developed in the mid-7th century ) was one of the two standards in general use in the Greek world ( the other being the Euboic-Attic ) is sufficient evidence of the early commercial importance of the island.

However, in Coptic literature, St Athanasius is the first patriarch of Alexandria to use Coptic as well as Greek in his writings.

In Coptic literature, St. Athanasius is the first patriarch of Alexandria to use Coptic as well as Greek in his writings.

Dating to the Greek Bronze Age ( 13th century BC ), it is one of the oldest arch bridges still in existence and use.

Catholic Christians, following the Canon of Trent, describe these books as deuterocanonical, meaning of " the second canon ," while Greek Orthodox Christians, following the Synod of Jerusalem ( 1672 ), use the traditional name of anagignoskomena, meaning " that which is to be read.

Another invention in the late Middle Ages was the use of Greek fire by the Byzantines, which was used to set enemy fleets on fire.

Baptism ( from the Greek noun Βάπτισμα baptisma ; itself derived from baptismos, washing ) is a Christian rite of admission ( or adoption ), almost invariably with the use of water, into the Christian Church generally and also a particular church tradition.