As a direct response to Portuguese aggression in the interior, a new Kalanga state emerged called the Rozwi Empire.

Kalanga is a distinct language group by itself with the following languages affiliated to it: what has been termed TjiKalanga tjekuDombodema ( as spoken in the Plumtree area, name first coined by the UCCSA in 1929 ), Lilima, Talaunda, Jahunda, Nanzwa ( or Nambya ), Venda, Lobedu, Hlengwe and Lozwi.

The Ndebele came through the area in the 1830s on their way to Bulawayo, bringing their culture and influence to the Kalanga area of north-eastern Botswana.

It is believed that Kalanga speaking societies first emerged in the middle Limpopo valley in the 9th century before moving on to the Zimbabwean highlands.

Mogae is of Kalanga ( Western Shona ) descent, from Serowe.

This Kalanga group is called Badhalaunda, named after their king, Dhalaunda, and his native language is Kalanga / western Shona.

The Venda language is related to Kalanga ( Western Shona, different from Shona, official language of Zimbabwe ) which is spoken in Botswana and Zimbabwe.

The Kalanga language, or Ikalanga, TjiKalanga, is a Bantu language spoken by the Kalanga people, 300, 000 in Botswana and 700, 000 in Zimbabwe ( Ethnologue ).

The conclusion that Kalanga is a Shona dialect is one of the most erroneous conclusions that have ever been made in history.

After a year long study in Zimbabwe, he actually concluded that Kalanga cannot be listed as a Shona dialect because it is too phonologically diverse from what can be called Shona.

In fact, a simple test that this is true is this: those who speak the so-called Shona cannot understand the Kalanga when they speak, though the Kalanga can understand the Shona.

Kalanga is, for instance, the only dialect to have the l sound ; the rest of the Shona dialects have r only.

They have the praise lines Sai / Shai and Dewa and call themselves the people of Thobela which is the same as the Rozvi / Kalanga.

By the 15th century, the Kalanga had established a strong empire, known as Munhumutapa, with its capital at the ancient city of Zimbabwe.

The oldest Kalanga ruins are strikingly similar to the Great Zimbabwe ruins.

These observations suggest that the builders of the Great Zimbabwe Ruins, the Khami Ruins, the Lusvingo Ruins and others ruins in western Zimbabwe and eastern Botswana are the Kalanga people.

Hence the Kalanga are thought to have built Khami, Lusvingo, Mapungugwe and other ruins scattered across western Zimbabwe and east Botswana.

The Kalanga and or Karanga had, from the 11th century, created empires and states on the Zimbabwe plateau.

The largest groups in Zimbabwe identify themselves as Shona, others as Ndebele with the remainder falling into categories like the Tonga, Shangani, Venda, Sotho in Gwanda, Kalanga etc.

Among these was Kalanga.

The Zimbabwean plateau eventually became the centre of subsequent Kalanga states.

Chhattisgarhi has several identified dialects of its own, in addition to Chhattisgarhi Proper: Baighani, Bhulia, Binjhwari, Kalanga, Kavardi, Khairagarhi, Sadri Korwa, and Surgujia.

The Ndebele people are an agglomeration of Zulus led by Mzilikazi, Sotho, Kalanga, Venda, Tonga and other tribes normally referred to as minorities by the government.

The languages spoken are Kalanga, Sotho, Tonga, Venda, Ndebele and other dialects of the aforementioned.

Around the 10th and 11th centuries the Bantu-speaking Kalanga arrived from the north and settled in southern Africa in the Mapungubwe ruins.

In the late 1830s, some 20, 000 Ndebele, descendants of the Zulus in South Africa and led by Mzilikazi Khumalo, invaded the Kalanga Rozwi Empire.

Many of the Kalanga people were incorporated and the rest were made satellite territories who paid tribute to the Ndebele Kingdom.

The Kalanga and the Shona migrated in separate groups from a common region in the north.

The Kalanga speaking people are thought to have been the first.

Way back in 1927 the Rhodesia Missionary Society wanted to create a standard Shona orthography, but they could not agree on Kalanga being listed as a Shona dialect.

One-armed, gruff, frugally honest, Governor Pope had been the ideal man to assume office in Arkansas after the disgraceful antics of political bosses like Crittenden, and he ruled the state with an iron fist, tolerating no nonsense.

In the two other cases he ruled that the state had been `` unable to make a case ''.

In its ruling, the state Board of Education upheld Dr. Michael F. Walsh, state commissioner of education, who had ruled previously that the Warwick board erred when it named Maurice F. Tougas as coordinator of audio-visual education without first finding that the school superintendent's candidate was not suitable.

The Washington state supreme court ruled that the state's occupation tax applied to sales, made at cost to an oil company, by a wholly-owned subsidiary set up to purchase certain supplies without divulging the identity of the parent.

The Court also ruled that the Minister of Defense is constitutionally not entitled to act in terrorism matters, as this is the duty of the state and federal police forces.

The Commission ruled that the licence fee should be considered state aid but that such aid was justified due to the public service remit of the BBC and that it did not exceed actual costs.

# Make sure patient is in an actual comatose state and is not mistaken for locked-in state ( patient will either be able to voluntarily move his eyes or blink ) or psychogenic unresponsiveness ( caloric stimulation of the vestibular apparatus will result in slow deviation of eyes towards the stimulation followed by rapid correction to mid-line ; this response can't be voluntarily suppressed: therefore, if the patient doesn't have this response, then psychogenic coma can be ruled out as a differential )

Perhaps the tragedy of his life was that he was never awarded the high official position which he desired, from which he wished to demonstrate the general well-being that would ensue if humane persons ruled and administered the state.

On January 27, 2009, in a lawsuit involving an accidental injury sustained during a cheerleading practice, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that cheerleading is a full-contact sport in that state.

In the 2011 court case AT & T Mobility v. Concepcion, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled in a 5-4 decision that the Federal Arbitration Act of 1925 preempts state laws that prohibit contracts from disallowing class action lawsuits, which will make it more difficult for consumers to file class action lawsuits.

The Caliph ( /) is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the ruler of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari ' ah.

:" Also in another volume from the times of Pope John XV, Dagome, lord, and Ote, lady, and their sons Misico and Lambert ( I do not know of which nation those people are, but I think they are Sardinians, for those are ruled by four judges ) were supposed to give to Saint Peter one state in whole which is called Schinesghe, with all its lands in borders which run along the long sea, along Prussia to the place called Rus, thence to Kraków and from said Kraków to the River Oder, straight to a place called Alemure, and from said Alemure to the land of Milczanie, and from the borders of that people to the Oder and from that, going along the River Oder, ending at the earlier mentioned city of Schinesghe.

Under the " independent tribunal " requirement, the Court has ruled that military judges in Turkish state security courts are incompatible with Article 6.

Historians have liberally used emperor and, especially so, empire anachronistically and out of its Roman and European context to describe any large state and its ruler in the past and present ; sometimes even to refer to non-monarchically ruled states and their spheres of influence: such examples include the " Athenian Empire " of the late 5th century BC, the " Angevin Empire " of the Plantagenets, or the Soviet and American " empires " of the Cold War era.

Hence England and, by extension its modern successor state, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, is in fact an Empire ruled by a King endowed with the imperial dignity.

In 1955, the Workers-Peasant Party, Communist Party, and the Marxist-Leninist Party named Abu Hussain Sarkar as the Chief minister of the State who ruled the state in two non-consecutive terms until 1958 when the martial law was imposed.

Fascist leaders who ruled countries were not always heads of state, but were heads of government, such as Benito Mussolini, who held power under the King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III.

Acheampong became head of state, and the NRC ruled from 1972 to 1975.

In 507, the Visigoths were expelled by the Franks from most of their Gallic possessions, and thereafter ruled a state in Hispania.

Modern interpretations of Islamic texts advocate the unification of religion and state ruled by a Caliph.

This event marked the beginning of the period known as " Golden Liberty ", when the state was ruled by the " free and equal " Polish nobility.

The Duchy of Warsaw was replaced with the Kingdom of Poland, a residual Polish state in personal union with the Russian Empire, ruled by the Russian tsar.

The state of the Ghaznavids was ruled from the city of Ghazni in eastern Afghanistan.