It is a humorous political critique, aimed squarely at the then ruling party Partido Revolucionario Institucional ( PRI ) and its paramilitary caciques, at a time when freedom of speech in politics was highly restricted.

Luther's complaints against the book carried past the point of scholarly critique and may reflect Luther's antisemitism, which is disputed, such as in the biography of Luther by Derek Wilson, which points out that Luther's anger at the Jews was not at their race but at their theology.

Here is a critique due to Mach arguing that only relative motion is established:

In his critique of the 2012 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Lomborg stated: " Global warming is by no means our main environmental threat.

Casuistry (), or case-based reasoning, is a method in applied ethics and jurisprudence, often characterised as a critique of principle-or rule-based reasoning.

Cognitive psychology is one of the more recent additions to psychological research, having only developed as a separate area within the discipline since the late 1950s and early 1960s following the " cognitive revolution " initiated by Noam Chomsky's 1959 critique of behaviorism and empiricism more generally.

Critical theory is a school of thought that stresses the examination and the critique of society and culture, by applying knowledge from the social sciences and the humanities.

As a term, critical theory has two meanings with different origins and histories: the first originated in sociology and the second originated in literary criticism, whereby it is used and applied as an umbrella term that can describe a theory founded upon critique ; thus, the theorist Max Horkheimer described a theory as critical in so far as it seeks " to liberate human beings from the circumstances that enslave them.

Marx explicitly developed the notion of critique into the critique of ideology and linked it with the practice of social revolution, as in the famous 11th of his Theses on Feuerbach, " Philosophers have only interpreted the world in certain ways ; the point is to change it.

As such, critical theory was left, in Jürgen Habermas ’ words, without " anything in reserve to which it might appeal ; and when the forces of production enter into a baneful symbiosis with the relations of production that they were supposed to blow wide open, there is no longer any dynamism upon which critique could base its hope.

Lewis's account of convention received an extended critique in Margaret Gilbert's On Social Facts ( 1989 ), where an alternative account is offered.

Derrida states that deconstruction is not a critique in the Kantian sense. This is because Kant defines the term critique as the opposite of dogmatism.

For Derrida it is not possible to escape the dogmatic baggage of the language we use in order to perform a pure critique in the Kantian sense.

Another significance of the structural problematic for Derrida is that while a critique of structuralism is a recurring theme of his philosophy this does not mean that philosophy can claim to be able to discard all structural aspects.

The EPR paradox is an early and influential critique leveled against quantum mechanics.

This argument can be seen as directly related to Wittgenstein's Theory of Language, drawing a parallel between Postmodernism and late Logical Positivism that is united in critique of foundationalism.

They begin with a critique of the past ” such that they review the ways women have been oppressed ; “ they seek alternative biblical and extrabiblical traditions that support ” the ideals Feminists are trying to advance ; and finally “ feminists set forth their own unique method of theology, which includes the revisioning of Christian categories .” Grenz and Olson also mention, however, while all feminists agree there is a flaw in the system, there is disagreement over how far outside of the Bible and the Christian tradition women are willing to go to seek support for their ideals.

It is a neologism coined in the late 1960s as part of a feminist critique of conventional historiography, and refers to history ( reinterpreted as " his story ") written from a feminist perspective, emphasizing the role of women, or told from a woman's point of view.

MacIntyre argues that despite their incommensurability there are various ways in which alien traditions might engage one another rationally — most especially via a form of immanent critique which makes use of empathetic imagination to then put the rival tradition into " epistemic crisis " but also by being able to solve shared or analogous problems and dilemmas from within one's own tradition which remain insoluble from the rival approach.

The influential critique of the ontological assumptions of computationalist and representationalist cognitive science, as well as artificial intelligence, made by philosopher Hubert Dreyfus has marked new directions for integration of neurosciences with an embodied ontology.

According to Salmon's critique, the ontological argument thus shows nothing.

The first significant argument against dualism came from Thomas Hobbes's ( 1588 – 1679 ) materialist critique of the human person.

Yet he attacks the idealism of Schopenhauer and Descartes with an argument similar to Kant's critique of the latter ( see above );

It has been suggested that the concept of state capitalism can be traced back to Mikhail Bakunin's critique during the First International of the potential for state exploitation under Marxism, or to Jan Waclav Machajski's argument in The Intellectual Worker ( 1905 ) that socialism was a movement of the intelligentsia as a class, resulting in a new type of society he termed state capitalism.

Theologians use various forms of analysis and argument ( philosophical, ethnographic, historical, spiritual and others ) to help understand, explain, test, critique, defend or promote any of myriad religious topics.

She also led the critique of the use of aggregate production functions based on homogeneous capital – the Cambridge capital controversy – winning the argument but not the battle.

In 1972, Derrida wrote " Signature Event Context ," an essay on J. L. Austin's speech act theory ; following a critique of this text by John Searle in his 1977 essay Reiterating the Differences, Derrida wrote the same year Limited Inc abc ..., a long defense of his earlier argument.

This argument has the appearance of an inference that applies transitivity of the two-placed relation is better than, which in this critique we grant is a valid property.

Shakespeare critics argue that the metatheatrical references in Antony and Cleopatra seem to critique this trend, and the presentation of Cleopatra as a sexually empowered individual supports their argument that Shakespeare seems to be questioning the oppression of female sexuality in London society.

The argument is a critique of the classical economics of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill, and Benjamin Franklin, drawing on the dialectical method that G. W. F.

It is important to be able to analyze the reasoning behind a given argument and write a critique of that argument.

Leach's ( 1966 ) critique came in the form of the classical Malinowskian argument, pointing out that " in Evans-Pritchard's studies of the Nuer and also in Fortes's studies of the Tallensi unilineal descent turns out to be largely an ideal concept to which the empirical facts are only adapted by means of fictions.

Christian theologians use biblical exegesis, rational analysis, and argument to clarify, examine, understand, explicate, critique, defend or promote Christianity.

Further critique can then be applied after the fact, by using thorough critique as a basis for new argument.

Formal and casual criticisms of a work ( a poem, an article, a book, a painting, or a play, for example ) often use the term ' critique ' to refer to any somewhat loosely-applied argument about the quality of the work, typically when used in reference to popular ( loose ) expectations, or conventionality, of a genre or class.

Focusing his critique primarily on Chomsky and his readership than the book itself, he refers to its " convoluted prose ", putting forward an argument that is " dense and filled with non sequiturs ".

Theologians use various forms of analysis and argument ( philosophical, ethnographic, historical ) to help understand, explain, test, critique, defend or promote any of myriad religious topics.

Meanwhile, writer Tim Cavanaugh points to the difficulty of implementing any sort of reform to the problem of Affluenza: " The genius of the simplicity movement was to shape a political argument ( an extraordinarily broad and total critique of commercial exchange ) into a spiritual koan ( why am I so unfulfilled by my Big Macs and gadgets when simple Bushmen have all the soul nourishment they need ?).

A critique of this hypothesis included the argument that, whereas sweating sickness was thought to be transmitted from human to human, hantaviruses are not known to spread in this way.

In the next twelve months or so, Helwys wrote three more important works: an argument for Arminianism ( A short and plain proof, by the word and works of God, that God ’ s decree is not the cause of any man ’ s sin or condemnation: and that all men are redeemed by Christ ; as also that no infants are condemned ), a polemic explaining his differences with the Mennonites, and, most importantly, A Short Declaration on the Mystery of Iniquity, a critique and apocalyptic interpretation of the Papacy as well as criticisms of Brownism and Puritanism, and possibly the first ever English book defending the principle of religious liberty.

an intriguing glimpse into a kind of Christianity lost for almost fifteen hundred years ... presents a radical interpretation of Jesus ' teachings as a path to inner spiritual knowledge ; it rejects His suffering and death as the path to eternal life ; it exposes the erroneous view that Mary of Magdala was a prostitute for what it is — a piece of theological fiction ; it presents the most straightforward and convincing argument in any early Christian writing for the legitimacy of women's leadership ; it offers a sharp critique of illegitimate power and a utopian vision of spiritual perfection ; it challenges our rather romantic views about the harmony and unanimity of the first Christians ; and it asks us to rethink the basis for church authority.

An argument against that critique is that, if landmark approaches to morphometrics can be used to test biological hypotheses in the absence of homology data, it is inappropriate to fault outline-based approaches for enabling the same types of studies

In policy debate ( and less commonly in Lincoln – Douglas debates ), a kritik ( derived from German Kritik, meaning critique and traditionally pronounced as " critique ", and often abbreviated K ) is generally a type of argument that challenges a certain mindset, assumption, or discursive element that exists within the advocacy of the opposing team, often from the perspective of critical theory ; it is often spelled in the normal English critique or is sometimes called a criticism, and takes the adjective form kritikal ( meaning and pronounced as " critical ").