Assuming thermal equilibrium between the anode surface and the transpiring argon, the gas enthalpy rise through the anode was calculated according to the relation Af whereby the specific heat of argon was taken as Af.

The fraction of exchange was determined as the ratio of the counts / minute observed in the carbon tetrachloride to the counts / minute calculated for the carbon tetrachloride fractions for equilibrium distribution of the activity between the chlorine and carbon tetrachloride, empirically determined correction being made for the difference in counting efficiency of Af in Af and Af.

In solution there exists an equilibrium between the acid and its conjugate base.

At pH values between the two pKa values, the zwitterion predominates, but coexists in dynamic equilibrium with small amounts of net negative and net positive ions.

At the Battle of Asfeld ( 552 ), he killed Turismod, son of the Gepid king Thurisind, in a victory that resulted in the Emperor Justinian's intervention to maintain equilibrium between the rival regional powers.

These directives implied precise emphasis on: the search for political coordination with emerging and developing countries, namely India, South Africa, Russia and China ; creation of the Union of South American Nations and its derivative bodies, such as the South American Security Council ; strengthening of Mercosul ; projection at the Doha Round and WTO ; maintenance of relations with developed countries, including the United States ; undertaking and narrowing of relations with African countries ; campaign for the reform of the United Nations Security Council and for a permanent seat for Brazil ; and defense of social objectives allowing for a greater equilibrium between the States and populations.

Einstein analyzed a dynamic equilibrium being established between opposing forces.

It had been pointed out previously by J. J. Thomson in his series of lectures at Yale University in May 1903 that the dynamic equilibrium between the velocity generated by a concentration gradient given by Fick's law and the velocity due to the variation of the partial pressure caused when ions are set in motion " gives us a method of determining Avogadro's Constant which is independent of any hypothesis as to the shape or size of molecules, or of the way in which they act upon each other ".

This overcomes the repulsion between the two positively charged nuclei of the two atoms, and so this overwhelming attraction holds the two nuclei in a fixed configuration of equilibrium, even though they will still vibrate at equilibrium position.

Gas chromatography ( GC ) is based on a partition equilibrium of analyte between a solid stationary phase ( often a liquid silicone-based material ) and a mobile gas ( most often Helium ).

The straight column under load is in stable equilibrium if a lateral force, applied between the two ends of the column, produces a small lateral deflection which disappears and the column returns to its straight form when the lateral force is removed.

However, the actual size and depth of each lens is dependent on the width and shape of the island at that point, the permeability of the aquifer, and the equilibrium between recharging rainfall and losses to evaporation to the atmosphere, transpiration by plants, tidal advection, and human use.

Theory holds that markets may reach equilibrium between " quantity demanded " and " quantity supplied " ( supply and demand ) over time.

Each weighing measures the weight difference between objects placed in the left pan vs. any objects placed in the right pan by adding calibrated weights to the lighter pan until the balance is in equilibrium.

The relation between the equilibrium constant, K, and the Gibbs free energy for an electrochemical cell is expressed as follows:

Rearranging to express the relation between standard potential and equilibrium constant yields

Each reaction is undergoing an equilibrium reaction between different oxidation states of the ions: when equilibrium is reached, the cell cannot provide further voltage.

In this case, with perfect competition in the output market the long-run equilibrium will involve all firms operating at the minimum point of their long-run average cost curves ( i. e., at the borderline between economies and diseconomies of scale ).

Therefore, a dynamic equilibrium exists between ions and unionized molecules of the electrolyte in solution.

The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube.

* The debate between punctuated equilibrium and gradualism.

** Optical solitons, An equilibrium solution for either an optical pulse ( temporal soliton ) or Spatial mode ( spatial soliton ) that does not change during propagation due to a balance between diffraction and the Kerr effect ( e. g. Self-phase modulation for temporal and Self-focusing for spatial solitons ).

In aqueous solution, carbonate, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, and carbonic acid exist together in a dynamic equilibrium.

When the partial pressure of is reduced, for example when a can of soda is opened, the equilibrium for each of the forms of carbonate ( carbonate, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, and carbonic acid ) shifts until the concentration of in the solution is equal to the solubility of CO < sub > 2 </ sub > at that temperature and pressure.

To calculate this composition, account must be taken of the above equilibria between the three different carbonate forms ( H < sub > 2 </ sub > CO < sub > 3 </ sub >, HCO < sub > 3 </ sub >< sup >−</ sup > and CO < sub > 3 </ sub >< sup > 2 −</ sup >) as well as of the hydration equilibrium between dissolved CO < sub > 2 </ sub > and H < sub > 2 </ sub > CO < sub > 3 </ sub > with constant ( see above ) and of the following equilibrium between the dissolved CO < sub > 2 </ sub > and the gaseous CO < sub > 2 </ sub > above the solution:

When the cement paste exposed to the air and meteoric water reacts with the atmospheric CO < sub > 2 </ sub >, portlandite and the Calcium Silicate Hydrate ( CSH ) of the hardened cement paste become progressively carbonated and the high pH gradually decreases from 13. 5 – 12. 5 to 8. 5, the pH of water in equilibrium with calcite ( calcium carbonate ) and the steel is no longer passivated.

The following equilibrium reaction describes the dissolving / formation of calcium carbonate scales:

It indicates whether the water will precipitate, dissolve, or be in equilibrium with calcium carbonate.

* For 6, 5 < RSI < 7 water is considered to be approximately at saturation equilibrium with calcium carbonate

See also calcination equilibrium of calcium carbonate

However, there is an equilibrium between dissolved calcium bicarbonate and dissolved calcium carbonate:

where the equilibrium is driven by the carbonate / bicarbonate, not the calcium.

When water that contains dissolved calcium carbonate is warmed, CO < sub > 2 </ sub > is removed from the water as gas causing the equilibrium of bicarbonate and carbonate to shift to the right, increasing the concentration of dissolved carbonate.

The surplus of H < sup >+</ sup > is offset by the carbonates in seawater pushing the carbonate equilibrium to release gas:

* Carbonate / bicarbonate / carbonic acid equilibrium in water: pH of solutions, buffer capacity, titration and species distribution vs. pH computed with a free spreadsheet

The catalytic cycle produces the bicarbonate ion and the hydrogen ion as the equilibrium

Because plant roots and soil microbes release CO < sub > 2 </ sub > to the soil, the concentration of bicarbonate ( HCO < sub > 3 </ sub >) in soil waters is much greater than that in equilibrium with the atmosphere ,< ref > Piñol, J., Alcañiz, J., and Rodà, F., 1995, Carbon dioxide efflux and pCO < sub > 2 </ sub > in soils of three Quercusilex montane forests: Biogeochemistry, v. 30, no.

Sulfur dioxide dissolves in water and then, like carbon dioxide, hydrolyses in a series of equilibrium reactions:

A reducing end of a carbohydrate is a carbon atom that can be in equilibrium with the open-chain aldehyde or keto form.

In reality, as actual combustion reactions come to equilibrium, a wide variety of major and minor species will be present such as carbon monoxide and pure carbon ( soot or ash ).

In more acid conditions, aqueous carbon dioxide, ( aq ), is the main form, which, with water,, is in equilibrium with carbonic acid-the equilibrium lies strongly towards carbon dioxide.

However, the atmosphere was found to be in a stable condition close to its chemical equilibrium, with very little oxygen, methane, or hydrogen, but with an overwhelming abundance of carbon dioxide.

Automobile exhaust gas capture has also been proposed to be economical but would require extensive design changes or retrofitting .< ref name = Musadi2011 > Since carbonic acid in seawater is in chemical equilibrium with atmospheric carbon dioxide, extraction of carbon from seawater has been studied.

This can be illustrated by the equilibrium of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas, reacting to form methanol.

When carbon dioxide dissolves in water it exists in chemical equilibrium producing carbonic acid:

The hydration equilibrium constant at 25 ° C is called K < sub > h </ sub >, which in the case of carbonic acid is / = 1. 70 × 10 < sup >− 3 </ sup >: hence, the majority of the carbon dioxide is not converted into carbonic acid, remaining as CO < sub > 2 </ sub > molecules.

In aqueous solution, carbonic acid exists in equilibrium with carbon dioxide, and the concentration of H < sub > 2 </ sub > CO < sub > 3 </ sub > is much lower than the concentration of CO < sub > 2 </ sub >.

It is also conjectured that the process of carbon capture does not reach equilibrium, which along with no need of direct maintenance, makes kauri forests a potentially attractive alternative to short rotation Pinus radiata forests, for example.

If half of the liquid is poured out and the bottle is sealed, carbon dioxide will leave the liquid phase at an ever decreasing rate and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the gas phase will increase until equilibrium is reached.

If a glass of the drink is left in the open, the concentration of carbon dioxide in solution will come into equilibrium with the carbon dioxide in the air, and the drink will go " flat ".