BCS theory, proposed by John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, and John Robert Schrieffer ( BCS ) in 1957, is the first microscopic theory of superconductivity since its discovery in 1911.

The 1950 Landau-Ginzburg theory of superconductivity is not cited in either of the BCS papers.

It is believed that BCS theory alone cannot explain this phenomenon and that other effects are at play.

In the BCS framework, superconductivity is a macroscopic effect which results from the condensation of Cooper pairs.

BCS theory starts from the assumption that there is some attraction between electrons, which can overcome the Coulomb repulsion.

The original results of BCS ( discussed below ) described an s-wave superconducting state, which is the rule among low-temperature superconductors but is not realized in many unconventional superconductors such as the d-wave high-temperature superconductors.

BCS is able to give an approximation for the quantum-mechanical many-body state of the

The BCS formalism is based on the reduced potential for the electrons attraction.

BCS derived several important theoretical predictions that are independent of the details of the interaction, since the quantitative predictions mentioned below hold for any sufficiently weak attraction between the electrons and this last condition is fulfilled for many low temperature superconductors-the so-called weak-coupling case.

* The BCS theory reproduces the isotope effect, which is the experimental observation that for a given superconducting material, the critical temperature is inversely proportional to the mass of the isotope used in the material.

This is incorporated into the BCS theory, where lattice vibrations yield the binding energy of electrons in a Cooper pair.

In general, the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking, which is closely related to tachyon condensation, plays a very important role in many aspects of theoretical physics, including the Ginzburg – Landau and BCS theories of superconductivity.

In 2008 a new class ( layered oxypnictide superconductors ), for example LaOFeAs, were discovered that do not include copper .< ref > An oxypnictide of samarium seems to have a T < sub > c </ sub > of about 43 K which is higher than predicted by BCS theory.

In football, the WAC is a non-automatic qualifier member of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) selection system.

Now, after signing a contract with EXIN, BCS / ISEB, LOYALIST CERTIFICATION SERVICES, PEOPLECERT Group and other certification bodies, APMG is accrediting them as official examination bodies, to offer ITIL exams and accredit ITIL training providers.

George served as a pre-game analyst for the 2007 BCS Championship Game on FOX, and is well known for handing out OSU hats and apparel to fellow analysts during the Buckeyes ' 41 – 14 loss to the University of Florida.

Nebraska is one of the few major BCS conference programs never to win a single game in the NCAA Tournament.

** January 5 – LSU is awarded the 2003 BCS national championship ; USC is awarded the 2003 Associated Press national championship

However, since the BCS title game is now separate from the host bowl, it no longer affects the date of the Rose Bowl Game ( even when the title game returned to Pasadena in 2010 ).

The Rose Bowl is also the only BCS bowl game that is held in a non-NFL stadium.

The field, then, is ripe for new Southerners to step to the fore and write of this twentieth-century phenomenon, the Southern Yankeefication: the new urban economy, the city-dweller, the pains of transition, the labor problems ; ;

In still others which are barely on the threshold of the transition into modernity, the decade can bring significant progress in launching the slow process of developing their human resources and their basic services to the point where an expanded range of developmental activities is possible.

the other, is how to finance the transition.

The other problem is the matter of financing the transition period in the several cities and towns.

An analysis of the fiscal tax collection year calendars throughout the state indicates that transition may not be as painful as is commonly thought.

The purpose of the adjusted Federal share relating to the base allotment and of the transition provisions for reaching the unadjusted Federal share is to prevent dislocations from abrupt changes in matching rates.

It was recognized years ago that the transition from daytime to nighttime propagation conditions, and vice versa, is not an instantaneous process, but takes place over periods of time from roughly 2 hours before sunset until about 2 hours after sunset, and again from roughly 2 hours before sunrise until some 2 hours after sunrise.

This is exactly what happened in the transition from baroque to rococo music.

One of these is the `` dissolve '', which makes possible a visually smooth transition from scene to scene.

The transition from one state to the next is not necessarily deterministic ; some algorithms, known as randomized algorithms, incorporate random input.

There is a wide variety of representations possible and one can express a given Turing machine program as a sequence of machine tables ( see more at finite state machine, state transition table and control table ), as flowcharts ( see more at state diagram ), or as a form of rudimentary machine code or assembly code called " sets of quadruples " ( see more at Turing machine ).

Azerbaijan is an economy that has completed its post-Soviet transition into a major oil based economy ( with the completion of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline ), from one where the state played the major role.

The government's policy toward conscientious objection is in transition, as part of Armenia's accession to the Council of Europe.

The atomic orbital concept is therefore a key concept for visualizing the excitation process associated with a given transition.

Amethyst is a purple variety of quartz ( SiO < sub > 2 </ sub >) and owes its violet color to irradiation, iron impurities ( in some cases in conjunction with transition element impurities ), and the presence of trace elements, which result in complex crystal lattice substitutions.

The color of amethyst has been demonstrated to result from substitution by irradiation of trivalent iron ( Fe < sup > 3 +</ sup >) for silicon in the structure, in the presence of trace elements of large ionic radius, and, to a certain extent, the amethyst color can naturally result from displacement of transition elements even if the iron concentration is low.

Still further south lies the Polar front, which is marked by a transition to very cold, relatively fresh, Antarctic Surface Water at the surface.

An electron from the 2s level fills in the 1s hole and the transition energy is imparted to a 2p electron which is emitted.

Finally, in 1740 the French astronomer Jacques Cassini, who is traditionally credited with the invention of year zero, completed the transition in his Tables astronomiques, simply labeling this year 0, which he placed at the end of Julian years labeled avant Jesus-Christ ( before Jesus Christ or BC ), and immediately before Julian years labeled après Jesus-Christ ( after Jesus Christ or AD ).

This amount of energy, i. e., wavelength, is specific to a particular electron transition in a particular element.

What is meant by stating that Aelbert learned form from his father is that his eventual transition from a specifically landscape painter to the involvement of foreground figures is attributed to his interaction with his Jacob.

The graphics are generated by a custom graphics chip called MARIA which is very different from other second and third generation consoles, and made it more difficult for game programmers to make the transition.