Subsequent fossil discoveries, notably Lucy, and reinterpretation of older fossil materials, notably Ramapithecus, showed the younger estimates to be correct and validated the albumin method.

the commonly-used ordinary least squares method may not recover the theoretical relation desired or may produce estimates with poor statistical properties, because the assumptions for valid use of the method are violated.

The first portable split-beam, hydro-acoustic system was developed by HTI in 1991 ; it provided more-accurate, less-variable estimates of fish strength than the dual-beam method.

Judgmental forecasting methods incorporate intuitive judgments, opinions and probability estimates, as in the case of the Delphi method, scenario building, and simulations.

These estimates can be done using a linear method, for initial estimates, or using an exponential model to place greater value on the remaining elements of a declining resource.

) In spite of this limitation, this method is better than estimates from two dimensional micro analysis, and a lot faster than chemical dissolution.

Yau developed the method of gradient estimates for Harnack's inequalities.

* Cooke method of expert elicitation, similar to the delphi method, but weightens expert's estimates to derive an estimate which takes the expert's proficiency into account

For a valuation using the discounted cash flow method, one first estimates the future cash flows from the investment and then estimates a reasonable discount rate after considering the riskiness of those cash flows and interest rates in the capital markets.

These estimates can be revised by a reliable method so that they continue to be acceptable.

Fermi estimates are also useful in approaching problems where the optimal choice of calculation method depends on the expected size of the answer.

Despite this, it is still possible to estimate the threshold and slope by fitting psychometric functions to the obtained data, although estimates of psychometric slope are likely to be more variable than those from the method of constant stimuli ( for a reasonable sampling of the psychometric function ).

In statistics, an expectation – maximization ( EM ) algorithm is an iterative method for finding maximum likelihood or maximum a posteriori ( MAP ) estimates of parameters in statistical models, where the model depends on unobserved latent variables.

The method is based on the concept of using periodogram spectrum estimates, which are the result of converting a signal from the time domain to the frequency domain.

The method is very quick and simple, but does not produce reliable estimates and could be used only as a rough guideline.

This method obtains parameter estimates that minimize the sum of squared residuals, SSE, also sometimes denoted RSS:

The widely used intention to treat method of analysing clinical trials provides estimates of ' use ' effectiveness which are typically biased compared with ' method ' effectiveness.

These observations have also allowed estimates of the distances of some HH objects via the expansion parallax method.

The expectation-maximization algorithm is a method for finding maximum likelihood estimates that has been widely applied to missing data problems.

This work gave a heat of formation of aluminum fluoride which closely substantiates a value which had been determined by a less direct method, and raises this property to 15 percent above that accepted a few years ago.

A single value of the thermal relaxation time Af at room temperature was measured by the progressive saturation method.

The computer method calculates the probability ( p-value ) of a value of

A more sophisticated method is to modify the colour value by an illumination factor, but without calculating the relationship to a simulated light source.

One simple method is to take the median value of the sample as an estimator of x < sub > 0 </ sub > and half the sample interquartile range as an estimator of γ.

If the function f is not linear ( i. e. its graph is not a straight line ), however, then the change in y divided by the change in x varies: differentiation is a method to find an exact value for this rate of change at any given value of x.

Business value can be returned as quickly as the first data marts can be created, and the method gives itself well to an exploratory and iterative approach to building data warehouses.

If the initial value of a polynomial ( and of its finite differences ) is calculated by some means for some value of X, the difference engine can calculate any number of nearby values, using the method generally known as the method of finite differences.

In finance, discounted cash flow ( DCF ) analysis is a method of valuing a project, company, or asset using the concepts of the time value of money.

As a method of asset valuation it has often been opposed to accounting book value, which is based on the amount paid for the asset.

This distinction illustrates that the Discounted Cash Flow method can be used to determine the value of various business ownership interests.

Alternatively, the method can be used to value the company based on the value of total invested capital.

* Effective rate of protection, a method of working out the value of import tariffs

Thus the 32-bit integer and 32-bit floating-point objects can simply use the value directly ; whereas the 64-bit integer and 64-bit floating-point cannot use this method.

Of course, when a simple function is used to estimate data points from the original, interpolation errors are usually present ; however, depending on the problem domain and the interpolation method used, the gain in simplicity may be of greater value than the resultant loss in accuracy.

A composition of idempotent methods or subroutines, however, is not necessarily idempotent if a later method in the sequence changes a value that an earlier method depends on – idempotence is not closed under composition.

:* Not to purchase materials as a result of being cheaper in value, if the resultant price reduction is a result of improper method of preparation.

In computer science, linear search or sequential search is a method for finding a particular value in a list, that consists of checking every one of its elements, one at a time and in sequence, until the desired one is found.

In this method we minimize the expected value of the squared error E, which yields the equation

The number of losers — which may add up to the size and severity of poverty — can be unexpectedly large if the method and process of privatization and how it is implemented are seriously flawed ( e. g. lack of transparency leading to state-owned assets being appropriated at minuscule amounts by those with political connections, absence of regulatory institutions leading to transfer of monopoly rents from public to private sector, improper design and inadequate control of the privatization process leading to asset stripping.

One method of asset protection is the creation of a discretionary trust, of which the settlor may be the protector and a beneficiary, but not the trustee and not the sole beneficiary.

* A method for asset valuation that uses fuzzy logic and fuzzy numbers for real option valuation

One method that looks into a correct discount rate is the capital asset pricing model.

In most cases the method is " straight line ", with the same depreciation charge from the date when an asset is brought into use until it is expected to be sold or no further economic benefits obtained from it, but other patterns of depreciation are used if assets are used proportionately more in some periods than others.

Using the so-called " perpetual inventory method ", one starts off from a benchmark asset figure, and adds on the net additions to fixed assets year by year, while deducting annual depreciation, all data being adjusted for price inflation using a capital expenditure price index.

The method of infrastructure asset management is based upon the definition of a Standard of service ( SoS ) that describes how an asset will perform in objective and measurable terms.

For example, one traditional actuarial method suggests that changing the asset allocation mix of investments can change the value of liabilities and assets ( by changing the discount rate assumption ).

Depreciation is any method of allocating such net cost to those periods expected to benefit from use of the asset.

This method is known as the net asset value or cost method.

An alternative approach to the net asset value method is the excess earnings method.

He was one of the originators of the Capital Asset Pricing Model, created the Sharpe ratio for risk-adjusted investment performance analysis, contributed to the development of the binomial method for the valuation of options, the gradient method for asset allocation optimization, and returns-based style analysis for evaluating the style and performance of investment funds.

Software licensing audits are an important part of software asset management, but also serve as a method of corporate reputation management by ensuring that the company is operating within legal and ethical guidelines.

There is no universal method or basis of valuing assets and liabilities for the purposes of calculating net asset value used throughout the world, and the criteria used for the valuation will depend upon the circumstances, the purposes of the valuation and any regulatory and / or accounting principles that may apply.

Where there is no objective method of calculating the value of an asset, the fund manager's own valuation methods subject to a fund's directors or trustees is usually used.

An alternative method of ranking portfolio management is Jensen's alpha, which quantifies the added return as the excess return above the security market line in the capital asset pricing model.

That common understanding I take to mean the highest price an asset might reasonably be expected to bring if sold by the owner in the normal method applicable to the asset in question in the ordinary course of business in a market not exposed to any undue stresses and composed of willing buyers and sellers dealing at arm's length and under no compulsion to buy or sell.