A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study ( not controlled ).

The observational method applied to consciousness gives us the science of psychology.

Winckelmann's explanations were of tremendous use to the future science of archaeology, by showing through observational method that the ultimate sources of inspiration of many works of art supposed to be connected with Roman history were to be found in Homer.

The latter observational method is more suitable for global mapping.

" He used this method to calculate the eccentricity of the Sun's orbit and the annual motion of the apogee, and so did Tycho Brahe and Copernicus shortly afterwards, though Taqi al-Din's values were more accurate, due to his observational clock and other more accurate instruments.

Caution must however be taken when applying this method, since approximate normality of all possible posteriors is difficult to verify, even in cases of normal observational errors and uniform prior PDF.

The hypothesis has been shown to be wrong by observational evidence, as well as by the modern understanding of planet formation ; the scientific community has dismissed the notion since at least the late 18th century.

Although this is a relatively small value, it was well within the observational capability of the instruments available in the early eighteenth century.

Edwin Powell Hubble ( November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953 ) was an American astronomer who played a crucial role in establishing the field of extragalactic astronomy and is generally regarded as one the most important observational cosmologists of the 20th century.

By the 16th century, a tradition had developed based on observational incidents, true or false, that the black objects found widely scattered in large quantities over Europe had fallen from the sky during thunderstorms and were therefore to be considered generated by lightning.

During the 20th century, the field of professional astronomy split into observational and theoretical branches.

The GOES I – M series of spacecraft are the principal observational platforms for covering such dynamic weather events and the near-earth space environment for the 1990s and into the 21st century.

In the early 16th century, the debate on the Earth's motion was continued by Al-Birjandi ( d. 1528 ), who in his analysis of what might occur if the Earth were rotating, develops a hypothesis similar to Galileo Galilei's notion of " circular inertia ", which he described in the following observational test:

Logical positivism was the first philosophy of science in the twentieth century and the forerunner of scientific realism, holding that a sharp distinction can be drawn between observational terms and theoretical terms, the latter capable of semantic analysis in observational and logical terms.

In the early 16th century, the debate on the Earth's motion was continued by Al-Birjandi ( d. 1528 ), who in his analysis of what might occur if the Earth were rotating, develops a hypothesis similar to Galileo Galilei's notion of " circular inertia ", which he described in the following observational test:

The photograph has served a critical role in observational astronomy for over a century, but in the last 30 years it has been largely replaced for imaging applications by digital sensors such as CCDs and CMOS chips.

As the discipline of observational cosmology developed in the late twentieth century and the associated data became more numerous and accurate, the Big Bang emerged as the cosmological theory most supported by the observational evidence, and it remains the accepted consensus model with a current parametrization that precisely specifies the state and evolution of the universe.

This discovery by Hipparchus is not entirely unexpected as Hipparchus is considered to have been the greatest observational astronomer in his time and up until Tycho Brahe in the 16th century AD.

Founded by Ulugh Beg in the early 15th century, the observatory made considerable progress in observational astronomy.

This observational analysis of the building dates from late 19th century, therefore its terminology differs from modern architectural jargon.

In the mid 20th century advances in medical science and modern understanding of the menstrual cycle led to observational, surgical, chemical and laboratory techniques to allow diagnosis and treatments many forms of infertility.

The Callippic cycle of 76 years appears to be used in the Antikythera mechanism, an ancient astronomical mechanical clock and observational aide of the 2nd century BC ( discovered in Mediterranean waters off Greece ).

The observational data determining the concentration distribution have a range of error which is magnified in the extension into the micrometeorite region.

Slapstick film, one-liner joke, observational humor are forms of comedy which have developed since the early days of jesters and traveling minstrels.

Other types of study, and their design, are discussed in the articles on opinion polls and statistical surveys ( which are types of observational study ), natural experiments and quasi-experiments ( for example, quasi-experimental design ).

In its earlier, neo-behavioral incarnation called social learning theory, Bandura emphasized the process of observational learning in which a learner's behavior changes as a result of observing others ' behavior and its consequences.

Thus in the system of units in which the fine structure constant is fixed, the observational claim is that the speed of light is time-dependent.

" Putnam argues that introducing this dichotomy of observational terms and theoretical terms is the problem from which to start.

* The Islamic calendar has retained an observational definition of the new moon, marking the new month when the first crescent moon is actually seen, and making it impossible to be certain in advance of when a specific month will begin ( in particular, the exact date on which Ramadan will begin is not known in advance ).

There is no observational evidence for wormholes, but on a theoretical level there are valid solutions to the equations of the theory of general relativity which contain wormholes.

Copernicus proposed the heliocentric universe, which was met with strong resistance, and Tycho Brahe refuted the theory of celestial spheres through observational measurement of the 1572 appearance of a Milky Way Super Nova.

One journal to precede Nature was titled Recreative Science: A Record and Remembrancer of Intellectual Observation, which, created in 1859, began as a natural history magazine and progressed to include more physical observational science and technical subjects and less natural history.

X-ray astronomy is an observational branch of astronomy which deals with the study of X-ray observation and detection from astronomical objects.

Like theoretical astrophysics, theoretical X-ray astronomy uses a wide variety of tools which include analytical models to approximate the behavior of a possible X-ray source and computational numerical simulations to approximate the observational data.

* 1580 — Taqi al-Din measures the right ascension of the stars at the Istanbul observatory of Taqi al-Din using an " observational clock " he invented and which he described as " a mechanical clock with three dials which show the hours, the minutes, and the seconds "

Researchers attempt to reduce the biases of observational studies with complicated statistical methods such as propensity score matching methods, which require large populations of subjects and extensive information on covariates.

A frame of reference in physics, may refer to a coordinate system or set of axes within which to measure the position, orientation, and other properties of objects in it, or it may refer to an observational reference frame tied to the state of motion of an observer.

Victoria Wood launched her stand-up career in the early 1980s, which saw observational conversation mixed with comedy songs.

In many numerical models and observational syntheses, the Southern Ocean upwelling represents the primary means by which deep dense water is brought to the surface.

According to the historian of science Norwood Russell Hanson: There is no bilaterally-symmetrical, nor excentrically-periodic curve used in any branch of astrophysics or observational astronomy which could not be smoothly plotted as the resultant motion of a point turning within a constellation of epicycles, finite in number, revolving around a fixed deferent. Any path — periodic or not, closed or open — can be represented with an infinite number of epicycles.

In 1922, he wrote a paper where he argued that the observational results suggest, that the redshifts of distant galaxies are becoming higher than more closer ones, which he interpreted as an increase of their radial velocities with distance, and that larger masses have smaller redshifts than smaller ones .< ref >

An ethnography is a specific kind of written observational science which provides an account of a particular culture, society, or community.

Homogeneity means that the same observational evidence is available to observers at different locations in the universe (" the part of the Universe which we can see is a fair sample ").