But it is more than irony: one of the main reasons why nationalism is no longer a tenable concept is because it has spread throughout the planet.

This result suggests a very high temperature at the solid surface of the planet, although there is the possibility that the observed radiation may be a combination of both thermal and non-thermal components and that the observed spectrum is that of a black body merely by coincidence.

The received radiation is compared with the radiation from a hypothetical black body which subtends the same solid angle as the visible disk of the planet.

`` The planet is very low in radiation from mineral deposits, and the atmosphere seems to shield out most of the solar output.

Suppose it is something right on the planet, native to it.

An aircraft is a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air, or, in general, the atmosphere of a planet.

There is a relatively small addition of flow in the Indian Ocean, with the transport south of Tasmania reaching around 147 Sv, at which point the current is probably the largest on the planet.

In Robert L. Forward's novel Timemaster, the wormhole is a living organism resembling a fourth-dimensional sea anemone, " stretched " to cover the distance between a spaceship and a satellite on the home planet.

The principle it works on, the constant of simultaneity, is analogous in some ways to gravity ... One point has to be fixed, on a planet of certain mass, but the other end is portable.

Scientists dismiss these mechanisms as implausible since, for example, the magnetic field, when measured from earth, of a large but distant planet such as Jupiter is far smaller than that produced by ordinary household appliances.

In Asimov's Empire and Foundation series, the capital planet Trantor of the galactic empire is a completely built-up planet, covered in its entirety with tall buildings and subterranean structures.

* In Lois McMaster Bujold's Vorkosigan Saga novels, the inhabitants of the planet Komarr live in arcologies, because the surface of the planet is inhospitable.

Aberration should also be distinguished from light-time correction, which is due to the motion of the observed object, like a planet, through space during the time taken by its light to reach an observer on Earth.

Aberration is usually larger than a planet's light-time correction except when the planet is near quadrature ( 90 ° from the Sun ), where aberration drops to zero because then the Earth is directly approaching or receding from the planet.

The Rodale Institute says that Regenerative agriculture, if practiced on the planet ’ s 3. 5 billion tillable acres, could sequester up to 40 % of current CO < sub > 2 </ sub > emissions.

It has been estimated that about half of the Earth's mature tropical forests — between 7. 5 million and 8 million km < sup > 2 </ sup > ( 2. 9 million to 3 million sq mi ) of the original 15 million to 16 million km < sup > 2 </ sup > ( 5. 8 million to 6. 2 million sq mi ) that until 1947 covered the planet — have now been destroyed.

It is further estimated that 3 % to 4. 5 % of sunlike stars possess a giant planet with an orbital period of 100 days or less, where " giant planet " means a planet of at least 30 Earth masses.

( 1 ) The orbits are ellipses, with focal points ƒ < sub > 1 </ sub > and ƒ < sub > 2 </ sub > for the first planet and ƒ < sub > 1 </ sub > and ƒ < sub > 3 </ sub > for the second planet.

( 3 ) The total orbit times for planet 1 and planet 2 have a ratio a < sub > 1 </ sub >< sup > 3 / 2 </ sup >: a < sub > 2 </ sub >< sup > 3 / 2 </ sup >.

The NASA model, referred to as the Design Reference Mission, on version 5. 0 as of September 1, 2012, calls for a significant upgrade in hardware ( at least 3 launches per mission, rather than two ), and sends the ERV to Mars fully fueled, parking it in orbit above the planet for subsequent rendezvous with the MAV.

Mariner 4 ( together with Mariner 3 known as Mariner-Mars 1964 ) was the fourth in a series of spacecraft, launched on November 28, 1964, intended for planetary exploration in a flyby mode and performed the first successful flyby of the planet Mars, returning the first pictures of the Martian surface.

* 1965 – Venera program: the Soviet Union launches the Venera 3 space probe toward Venus, that will be the first spacecraft to reach the surface of another planet.

For example, asteroids of the Alinda family are in or close to the 3: 1 resonance, with their orbital eccentricity steadily increased by interactions with Jupiter until they eventually have a close encounter with an inner planet that ejects them from the resonance.

The next largest body in a similar 2: 3 resonance with Neptune, called a plutino, is the candidate dwarf planet Orcus.

From the perspective of an observer on a hypothetical planet around Vega, the Sun would appear as a faint 4. 3 magnitude star in the Columba constellation.

* November 16 – Venera program: The Soviet Union launches the Venera 3 space probe from Baikonur, Kazakhstan toward Venus ( on March 1, 1966 it became the first spacecraft to reach the surface of another planet ).

* June 15 – Near Earth Asteroid 2002 MN misses the planet by, about 1 / 3 the distance to the moon.

* April 13 – James Cook arrives in Tahiti on the ship HM Bark Endeavour, preparing to observe the transit of the planet Venus, which takes place on June 3.

Mariner 9 was launched toward Mars on May 30, 1971 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and reached the planet on November 14 of the same year, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit another planet — only narrowly beating Soviet Mars 2 and Mars 3, which both arrived within a month.

where G is the universal gravitational constant ( G = 6. 67 × 10 < sup >− 11 </ sup > m < sup > 3 </ sup > kg < sup >− 1 </ sup > s < sup >− 2 </ sup >), M the mass of the planet, star or other body, and r the distance from the center of gravity.

While the impacts took place on the side of Jupiter hidden from Earth, Galileo, then at a distance of 1. 6 AU from the planet, was able to see the impacts as they occurred.

Thus, if n < sub > r </ sub > is the average number of times a new civilization reappears on the same planet where a previous civilization once has appeared and ended, then the total number of civilizations on such a planet would be ( 1 + n < sub > r </ sub >), which is the actual reappearance factor added to the equation.

It is now estimated that 1 % to 1. 5 % of sunlike stars possess such a planet, where " sunlike star " refers to any main-sequence star of spectral classes late-F, G, or early-K without a close stellar companion.

Having gained 8, 030 km per hour in speed, the spacecraft flew by Earth twice, the first time at a range of 960 km at 20: 34: 34 UT on 8 December 1990 before approaching the minor planet 951 Gaspra to a distance of 1, 604 km at 22: 37 UT on 29 October 1991.

The camera system was designed to obtain images of Jupiter's satellites at resolutions from 20 to 1, 000 times better than Voyager's best, because Galileo flew closer to the planet and its inner moons, and because the more modern CCD sensor in Galileos camera was more sensitive and had a broader color detection band than the vidicons of Voyager.

( 2 ) The two shaded sectors A < sub > 1 </ sub > and A < sub > 2 </ sub > have the same surface area and the time for planet 1 to cover segment A < sub > 1 </ sub > is equal to the time to cover segment A < sub > 2 </ sub >.

The planet received its name because of its remarkable similarity to Earth ; its day is nearly 24 hours long and its surface gravity is a comfortable 1. 08 g. Oceans, mean global temperature, seasons, and moon ( Home's moon is called Metaluna, but is often referred to as " the Moon " by Homers ) are also similar.

* The Theory of Plate tectonics tells us that the continents are drifting on convection currents within the mantle causing them to move across the surface of the planet at the slow speed of approximately 1 inch ( 2. 54 cm ) per year.

The special case of 1: 1 resonance ( between bodies with similar orbital radii ) causes large Solar System bodies to eject most other bodies sharing their orbits ; this is part of the much more extensive process of clearing the neighbourhood, an effect that is used in the current definition of a planet.

A small body in secular resonance with a much larger one ( e. g. a planet ) will precess at the same rate as the large body.

Depiction of Haumea ( dwarf planet ) | Haumea's presumed 7: 12 resonance with Neptune in a rotating frame, with Neptune ( blue dot at lower right ) held stationary.

( The Laplace resonance in the Gliese 876 system, in contrast, is associated with one triple conjunction per orbit of the outermost planet.

The special case of 1: 1 resonance ( between bodies with similar orbital radii ) causes large Solar System bodies to clear the neighborhood around their orbits by ejecting nearly everything else around them ; this effect is used in the current definition of a planet.

4179 Toutatis / 1989 AC ( ) is an Apollo, Alinda, and Mars-crosser asteroid with a chaotic orbit produced by a 3: 1 resonance with the planet Jupiter, a 1: 4 resonance with the planet Earth, and frequent close approaches to the terrestrial planets, including Earth.

These orbits slowly increase their eccentricity on a timescale of tens of millions of years, and will eventually break out of the resonance due to close encounters with a major planet.

The clumpy structure of the dust belt may be explained by gravitational perturbation from a planet, dubbed Epsilon Eridani b. The clumps in the dust occur at orbits that have an integer resonance with the orbit of the suspected planet.

For example, the region of the disk that completes two orbits for every three orbits of a planet is in a 3: 2 orbital resonance.

The above concept of tidal resonance differs from another sort of resonance resulting from tides, called tidal locking, which causes a moon's rotational period to coincide with the period of its revolution around the planet that it orbits, so that one side of the moon always faces the planet.

An object in this resonance has its orbital eccentricity steadily increased by gravitational interactions with Jupiter until it eventually has a close encounter with an inner planet that breaks the resonance.

The only other planet with objects in a 3: 2 resonance is the outer most gas giant Neptune with the plutinos such as Pluto.

* Trans-Jovian minor planets crossing or approaching the orbit of a giant planet but not in a stabilizing resonance are named for centaurs ( such as 2060 Chiron ).