The analog output is connected to a low-pass filter, which filters out high-frequency aliases when the Amiga is using a lower sampling rate ( see Nyquist limit ).

Bandwidth typically refers to baseband bandwidth in the context of, for example, sampling theorem and Nyquist sampling rate, while it refers to passband bandwidth in the context of Nyquist symbol rate or Shannon-Hartley channel capacity for communication systems.

That definition is used in calculations of the lowest sampling rate that will satisfy the sampling theorem.

In calculations of the maximum symbol rate, the Nyquist sampling rate, and maximum bit rate according to the Hartley formula, the bandwidth refers to the frequency range within which the gain is non-zero, or the gain in dB is below a very large value.

In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150 minute playing time, 44, 056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and cross-interleaved error correction code — specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard Compact Disc format in 1980.

The CSF contains approximately 0. 3 % plasma proteins, or approximately 15 to 40 mg / dL, depending on sampling site, and it is produced at a rate of 500 ml / day.

Briefly, the specification calls for picture encoding using the ISO / IEC 15444-1 " JPEG2000 " (. jp2 ) standard and use of the CIE XYZ color space at 12 bits per component encoded with a 2. 6 gamma applied at projection, and audio using the " Broadcast Wave " (. wav ) format at 24 bits and 48 kHz or 96 kHz sampling, controlled by an XML-format Composition Playlist, into an MXF-compliant file at a maximum data rate of 250 Mbit / s.

* low bitrate encoding with halved sampling rate ( MPEG-1 Layer 1 / 2 / 3 LSF-a. k. a.

The lack of strobe ( as opposed to flicker ) is due to the higher sampling rate of the camera relative to the speed of movement of the image across the film plane.

Doppler measurement is reliable only if the sampling rate exceeds the Nyquist frequency for the frequency shift produced by radial motion.

That means that the average processing time per sample is no greater than the sampling period, which is the reciprocal of the sampling rate.

The input sampling rate is 16 kHz.

For telephone speech the sampling rate is 8000 samples per second ;

It can therefore be played using a compatible player, although sometimes one must force a different sampling rate to hear it correctly.

Standard speech-recording systems capture frequencies from about 500 Hz to 3400 Hz, where most of the frequencies used in speech lie, typically using a sampling rate of 8 kHz ( slightly greater than the Nyquist rate ).

The sampling resolution is typically at least 12 or more bits per sample resolution ( 16 is standard ), for a final data rate in the range of 96-128 kbit / s.

Since the sampling rate of a WAV file can vary from 1 Hz to 4. 3 GHz, and the number of channels can be as high as 65536,. wav files have also been used for non-audio data.

That we are experiencing an upsurge of interest in the many formulations and preventive adaptations of brief treatment in social casework is evident from even a small sampling of current literature.

It is proposed that in the future complete sampling censuses be carried out at five-year intervals.

The use of unit treatment additivity and randomization is similar to the design-based inference that is standard in finite-population survey sampling.

The following is a small sampling of Goldoni's enormous output.

Cluster sampling is a sampling technique used when " natural " but relatively homogeneous groupings are evident in a statistical population.

A common motivation for cluster sampling is to reduce the average cost per interview.

A random sampling technique is then used on any relevant clusters to choose which clusters to include in the study.

In two-stage cluster sampling, a random sampling technique is applied to the elements from each of the selected clusters.

The main difference between cluster sampling and stratified sampling is that in cluster sampling the cluster is treated as the sampling unit so analysis is done on a population of clusters ( at least in the first stage ).

The sampling effect can be separated into the greater likelihood of selecting a species that is 1 ) adapted well to particular site conditions, or 2 ) of a greater inherent productivity.

These changes represent, in effect, a shift from ( 1 ) an administrative compilation of data obtained through procedures designed primarily to serve political and economic objectives to ( 2 ) a systematic sampling census of the whole African population.

Furthermore, it may be possible to estimate the error due to bias in method ( as distinguished from sampling error ) in each of these sources, on such subjects as fertility, mortality, and migration during a given interval by using information from two largely independent sources in conjunction.

In single-stage cluster sampling, all the elements from each of the selected clusters are used.

In stratified sampling, a random sample is drawn from each of the strata, whereas in cluster sampling only the selected clusters are studied.

There also exists multistage sampling, where more than two steps are taken in selecting clusters from clusters.

The duo used sampling from Led Zeppelin to James Brown.

The census can be contrasted with sampling in which information is obtained only from a subset of a population, sometimes as an intercensal estimate.

Constraints on many cosmological parameters can be obtained from their effects on the power spectrum, and results are often calculated using Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling techniques.

In statistics, data sets usually come from actual observations obtained by sampling a statistical population, and each row corresponds to the observations on one element of that population.

The first step is usually to convert the signal from an analog to a digital form, by sampling and then digitizing it using an analog-to-digital converter ( ADC ), which turns the analog signal into a stream of numbers.

The Nyquist – Shannon sampling theorem states that a signal can be exactly reconstructed from its samples if the sampling frequency is greater than twice the highest frequency of the signal ; but requires an infinite number of samples.

Erosion models are also non-linear, which makes them difficult to work with numerically, and makes it difficult or impossible to scale up to making predictions about large areas from data collected by sampling smaller plots.

It has been suggested that the apparent variations in marine biodiversity may actually be an artifact, with abundance estimates directly related to quantity of rock available for sampling from different time periods.

A sampling from the menu of an American-European-Japanese restaurant in California might include the following items:

A sufficient condition for recovering s ( t ) ( and therefore S ( ƒ )) from just these samples is that the non-zero portion of s ( t ) be confined to a known interval of duration P, which is the frequency domain dual of the Nyquist – Shannon sampling theorem.

" Jaggies " is the informal name for artifacts in raster images, most frequently from aliasing, which in turn is often caused by non-linear mixing effects producing high-frequency components or missing or poor anti-aliasing filtering prior to sampling.

This may be an extreme form of biased sampling, because certain members of the population are totally excluded from the sample ( that is, they have zero probability of being selected ).

Soon after this, LAME also became able to target lower sampling frequencies from MPEG-2.

If the data set were based on a series of observations obtained by sampling from a statistical population, the arithmetic mean is termed the " sample mean " () to distinguish it from the " population mean " ( or < sub > x </ sub >).