When it is necessary to distinguish between native Japanese kun ' yomi and Chinese-derived on ' yomi pronunciations, for example in Kanji dictionaries, the Japanese pronunciations are written in hiragana, and the Chinese ones are written in katakana.

In old Japanese legends, it is often claimed that the dead go to a place called yomi ( 黄泉 ), a gloomy underground realm with a river separating the living from the dead mentioned in legend of Izanami and Izanagi.

Ninja is an on ' yomi ( Early Middle Chinese-influenced ) reading of the two kanji " 忍者 ".

In the native kun ' yomi kanji reading, it is pronounced shinobi, a shortened form of the transcription shinobi-no-mono ( 忍の者 ).

This " san " is not the honorific suffix used with people's names, such as Watanabe-san, but the on ' yomi reading of the character 山 yama ( meaning mountain ) used in compounds.

The Kai element also strongly resembles the Sino-Japanese reading of the characters ( Sino-Japanese, Japanese kun ' yomi ), which have been used for over a thousand years in China and Japan as the standard orthographic form to be used when referring to Ainu and related peoples ; it is possible that Matsuura's Kai was actually an alteration, influenced by the Sino-Japanese reading of Ka-i, of the Nivkh exonym for the Ainu, namely Qoy or.

Two sets of pronunciations for the numerals exist in Japanese: one is based on Sino-Japanese ( on ' yomi ) readings of the Chinese characters and the other is based on the Japanese yamato kotoba ( native words, kun ' yomi readings ).

The character is read as Cantonese tin1 ; Taiwanese thiN1 or thian1 ; Vietnamese yêu or thiên ; Korean cheon or ch ' ŏn ( 천 ); and Japanese ten in On ' yomi ( borrowed Chinese reading ) and ame or sora in Kun ' yomi ( native Japanese reading ).

The term kango is usually identified with on ' yomi ( 音読み, " sound reading "), a system of pronouncing Chinese characters in a way that at one stage approximated the original Chinese.

On ' yomi is also known as the ' Sino-Japanese reading ', and is opposed to kun ' yomi ( 訓読み, " reading by meaning ") under which Chinese characters are assigned to, and read as, native Japanese vocabulary.

One such character is 働 ( as in 働く hataraku, " to work "), which was given the on ' yomi dō ( from the on ' yomi of its phonetic, 動 ) when used in compounds with other characters, e. g. 労働 rōdō (" labor ").

For example, sewa (' care, concern ') is written 世話, using the on ' yomi " se " + " wa " (' household / society ' + ' talk '); although this word is not Sino-Japanese but a native Japanese word believed to derive from sewashii, meaning ' busy ' or ' troublesome '; the written form " 世話 " is simply an attempt to assign plausible-looking characters pronounced " se " and " wa ".

The following is a rough guide to equivalencies between modern Chinese words and modern Sino-Japanese on ' yomi readings.

A very few gairaigo are sometimes written with a single kanji character ( chosen for meaning or newly created ), in which case this is considered not ateji but rather kun ' yomi, as the character is used for meaning, not sound.

There are a few Japanese words that, although they appear to have originated in borrowings from Chinese, have such a long history in the Japanese language that they are regarded as native and are thus treated as kun ' yomi, e. g., 馬 uma " horse " and 梅 ume.

The character for castle, ' 城 ', read as shiro ( its kun ' yomi ) by itself, is read as jō ( the Chinese-derived on ' yomi ) when attached to a word, such as in the name of a particular castle.

The rules apply to kun ' yomi ( native Japanese readings ) of kanji in the jōyō kanji table ; they do not apply to kanji outside the jōyō kanji table, or kanji without kun ' yomi ( with only on ' yomi, Chinese readings ).

Yet another interpretation is that the kanji for " bow " ( 弓, yumi ) was corrupted with the kanji for " yomi ".

Kanbun – as opposed to meaning " Japanese text, composition written with Japanese syntax and predominately kun ' yomi readings " – is subdivided into several types.

* " Chinese text, composition written with Chinese syntax and on ' yomi Chinese characters "

* " Sino-Japanese composition written with Japanese syntax and mixed on ' yomi and kun ' yomi readings "

These are known as jūbako ( 重箱 ) or yutō ( 湯桶 ) words, which are themselves examples of this kind of compound ( they are autological words ): the first character of jūbako is read using on ' yomi, the second kun ' yomi, while it is the other way around with yutō.

Ateji should not be confused with kun ' yomi ( 訓読み ), Japanese reading, or native reading, where a kanji is assigned the native Japanese equivalent as its reading – ateji refers to compounds ( 2 or more characters ).

These are classed as kun ' yomi of a single character, because the character is being used for meaning only ( without the Chinese pronunciation ), rather than as ateji, which is the classification used when a loan-word term is using existing sounds only ( as in 天麩羅 ), or alternatively as a compound with meaning only ( as in 煙草 – the sound タバコ cannot be broken down into readings of individual characters ).

Every digit has a set of possible phonetic values, due to the variety of valid Japanese ( kun ' yomi and on ' yomi ), and English-origin pronunciations for numbers in Japanese.

Both Bashō and Yoshitada gave themselves, or haikai pen names ; Bashō's was, which was simply the on ' yomi reading of his adult name of.

Similarly, in both English start reading and Japanese 読み始める yomihajimeru " start -- read " " start reading ," the vector verbs start and 始める hajimeru " start " change according to tense, negation, and the like, while the main verbs reading and 読み yomi " reading " usually remain the same.

At the same time, while the characters of the name were unchanged, the official reading was changed to the on ' yomi version Rikuō.

The name Seikan comes from combining the on ' yomi readings of the first characters of and, the nearest major city on the Hokkaido side.

According to this book, Tsuji, Sanrio's founder, said that, part of the company's former name, has an alternative on ' yomi reading of sanri.

Called the Kindred of the East or Kuei-jin, the blood-drinking behaviors of these beings should not obscure their origins as souls who have crawled their way out of hell / yomi.

The Japanese kanji 無 has on ' yomi " Chinese readings " of mu or bu, and a kun ' yomi " Japanese reading " of na.

However, there are cases where the distinction between on ' yomi and kun ' yomi does not correspond to etymological origin.

Chinese characters created in Japan, called, normally only have kun ' yomi, but some kokuji have on ' yomi.

( The best evidence is that he received a monthly wage of about $125, very good money in an era when top hands worked for $30 and found.

In fact, one important aspect of their very religion is the annihilation of men ''.

Now I wish to enter the American market, where the competition is very strong.

`` Now that is a very nice, a very nice '', he murmured to himself, back in his corner.

The Bourbon economic philosophy, moreover, is not very different from that of Northern conservatives.

Others are confined to vast reservations, and not only does the Australian government justifiably not wish them to be viewed as exhibits in a zoo, but on their reservations they are extremely fugitive, shunning camps, coming together only for corroborees at which their strange culture comes to its highest pitch -- which is very low indeed.

Though he is also concerned with freeing dance from pedestrian modes of activity, Merce Cunningham has selected a very different method for achieving his aim.

We are desperately in the need of such invention, for man is still very much at the mercy of man.

What appears here is shorter than what he actually said but very close to his own words.

When I try to work out my reasons for feeling that this passage is of critical significance, I come up with the following ideas, which I shall express very briefly here and revert to in a later essay.

The career of Charles 12, is obviously very similar to that of Napoleon.

he is very close to being a mental case.

This, however, cannot be done by a community whose very experience of truth is confused and incoherent: it has no absolute standard, and consequently cannot distinguish the absolute from the contingent.

His own testimony is that he has read very little in the history of the South, implying that what he knows of that history has come to him orally and that he knows the world around him primarily from his own unassisted observation.

What is more, the legends have become so sacrosanct that the very habit of self-examination or self-criticism smells of low treason, and men who practice it are defeatists and unpatriotic scoundrels.

The problem is rather to find out what is actually happening, and this is especially difficult for the reason that `` we are busily being defended from a knowledge of the present, sometimes by the very agencies -- our educational system, our mass media, our statesmen -- on which we have had to rely most heavily for understanding of ourselves ''.

`` Dear Miss Steichen: It is a very good letter you send me -- softens the intensity of this guerilla warfare I am carrying on up here.

Mr. Stavropoulos is the U.N. legal chief and a very good man, but he is not fully versed on some technical points of American law ''.

This is very uncommon ''.

What I want is to have this evidence come before Congress and if the Attorney General does not report it, as I am very sure he won't, as he has refused to do anything of the kind, I then wish that a committee of seven Representatives be appointed with power to take the evidence.

I know you are very busy now, you are writing a great deal & your book is coming out, isn't it??