Though not well known among philosophers, his philosophical work was taken up by Owen Barfield ( and through him influenced the Inklings, an Oxford group of Christian writers that included J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis ) and Richard Tarnas.

Shippey says that Tolkien knew well the translation of Boethius that was made by King Alfred and he quotes some “ Boethian ” remarks from Frodo, Treebeard and Elrond.

The Cirth (; " Runes ") are the letters of a semi-artificial script which was invented by J. R. R. Tolkien for the constructed languages he devised and used in his works.

So, incensed by Tolkien ’ s response, he realized that he could legally publish the trilogy and did.

In any case, Ace was forced to cease publishing the unauthorized edition and to pay Tolkien for their sales following a grass-roots campaign by Tolkien's U. S. fans.

Enya has also sung songs written entirely or partially in Welsh, Spanish, French, and even languages created by J. R. R. Tolkien.

The Romanticist movement revived literary interest in folk beliefs and culture, and elves entered the 20th-century high fantasy genre in the wake of works published by authors such as J. R. R. Tolkien.

Jacob Grimm in his Deutsches Wörterbuch deplored the " unhochdeutsch " form Elf, borrowed " unthinkingly " from the English, and Tolkien was inspired by Grimm to recommend reviving the genuinely German form in his Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings ( 1967 ) and Elb, Elben was consequently reintroduced in the 1972 German translation of The Lord of the Rings.

The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien ( 1937 ) is seminal, predating the lecture On Fairy-Stories by the same author by a few years.

* The Red Book of Westmarch and a surviving copy of it called The Thain's Book, portions of which were " translated " by J. R. R. Tolkien into his books The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.

" Farmer Giles of Ham " is a Medieval fable written by J. R. R. Tolkien in 1937 and published in 1949.

The story has appeared with other works by Tolkien in omnibus editions, including The Tolkien Reader and Tales from the Perilous Realm.

Category: Books by J. R. R. Tolkien

" Leaf by Niggle " is a short story written by J. R. R. Tolkien in 1938 – 39 and first published in the Dublin Review in January 1945.

Category: Short stories by J. R. R. Tolkien

They are sometimes compared to the work of his older contemporary J. R. R. Tolkien, but his surreal fiction was influenced by his early love for Charles Dickens and Robert Louis Stevenson rather than Tolkien's studies of mythology and philology.

Such distortions of Germanic mythology were denounced by J. R. R. Tolkien, e. g. in a 1941 letter where he speaks of Hitler's corruption of "... that noble northern spirit, a supreme contribution to Europe, which I have ever loved and tried to present in its true light.

It was around this time that J. R. R. Tolkien was employed by the OED, researching etymologies of the Waggle to Warlock range ; he parodied the principal editors as " The Four Wise Clerks of Oxenford " in the story Farmer Giles of Ham.

" On Fairy-Stories " is an essay by J. R. R. Tolkien which discusses the fairy-story as a literary form.

It was initially written for presentation by Tolkien as the Andrew Lang lecture at the University of St Andrews, Scotland, in 1939.

On Fairy-Stories was subsequently published with Leaf by Niggle in Tree and Leaf, as well as in The Tolkien Reader, published in 1966.

In older scholarship, the scholar J. R. R. Tolkien and others have argued for a historical basis for Hengist.

Tolkien, an accomplished Beowulf scholar, claims the poem to be among his " most valued sources " in writing The Hobbit.

Thomas Alan Shippey ( born 9 September 1943 ) is a scholar of medieval literature, including that of Anglo-Saxon England, medievalism, and of modern fantasy and science fiction, in particular the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, about whom he has written several scholarly studies.

" Although Tolkien most likely was not the originator because he was merely 11 years old in 1903 when a strange novel called “ Gee-Boy ” — which also alludes to the aesthetic properties of cellar door — was published by the Shakespeare scholar Cyrus Lauron Hooper.

* Mythopoeia ( genre ), a word coined ( and used as the title of a poem ) by mythology scholar and fantasy author J. R. R. Tolkien to mean " myth-making "; it has since become a literature and film genre of myth-like fictional narratives, especially in the high fantasy tradition.

* Philology and Fantasy before Tolkien, by Andrew Wawn ( this scholar only knows of two sources for Styrbjörn )

* Kathleen E. Dubs, Old and Middle English, medieval literature scholar, her lectures on Tolkien revived interest in him in academic circles

Tolkien by Janet Brennan Croft

It was also an influence on J. R. R. Tolkien, who read it a few years before it was published in 1917.

The general form — that of a journey into strange lands, told in a light-hearted mood and interspersed with songs — may be following the model of The Icelandic Journals by William Morris, an important literary influence on Tolkien.

As an author, illustrator and medievalist, he helped to establish the modern fantasy genre, and was a direct influence on postwar authors such as J. R. R. Tolkien.

There he learnt a lot about writing and editing, and later admitted of Tolkien's influence, " to be successful in fantasy, you have to take the measure of Tolkien — work with his strengths and away from his weaknesses ".

Tolkien also elaborated on Jewish influence on his Dwarves in a letter: " I do think of the ' Dwarves ' like Jews: at once native and alien in their habitations, speaking the languages of the country, but with an accent due to their own private tongue ..."

" He also noted that it was one of the passages of the book " in which the coincidental resemblance to Tolkien, a sharing of sources rather than direct influence, is too close for comfort.

Tolkien, who would later go on to write his novels, such as The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, with their influence taken from the same mythological scenes portrayed by the Pre-Raphaelites.

Thus, C & S has less of a modern literary influence than D & D which was influenced by Tolkien but also by other authors such as Jack Vance, Fritz Leiber, L. Sprague de Camp and Michael Moorcock.

These show the influence of the world of Tolkien and the elves, especially the " High Elves " are by far the most powerful race of C & S1.

Tolkien, who purchased a volume of Thompson's works in 1913-1914, and later said that it was an important influence on his own writing.

In a letter from 1959, C. S. Lewis wrote, " No one ever influenced Tolkien — you might as well try to influence a bandersnatch.

Michael D. C. Drout's " Tolkien's Prose Style and its Literary and Rhetorical Effects ", featured in the academic journal Tolkien Studies, published by West Virginia University Press, analyzes Tolkien's writing style and deduces influence from and parallels with King Lear.

Their influence on authors such as J. R. R. Tolkien, William Morris and Poul Anderson and on the subsequent modern fantasy genre is considerable.

The game package acknowledges the strong influence of Tolkien on the plot of Journey.

* Patrick Grant ’ s “ Tolkien: Archetype and Word ” ( Cross Currents, Winter 1973, pp. 365 – 380 ) mentions Bodkin ’ s influence on Tolkien.

Tolkien also addresses the historical language contact between English and Welsh since the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain, including Welsh loanwords and substrate influence found in English, and conversely English loanwords in Welsh.

The publication of The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien created an enormous influence on the writing of the field, establishing the form of epic fantasy and also did much to establish the genre of fantasy as commercially distinct and viable.

MacDonald was a major influence on both J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S.