Enya has also sung songs written entirely or partially in Welsh, Spanish, French, and even languages created by J. R. R. Tolkien.

Tolkien also physically fabricated several pages of another fictional book, the Book of Mazarbul.

It was also an influence on J. R. R. Tolkien, who read it a few years before it was published in 1917.

Tolkien also explores the motif of jewels that inspire intense greed that corrupts those who covet them in the Silmarillion, and there are connections between the words " Arkenstone " and " Silmaril " in Tolkien's invented etymologies.

Barker's legendarium, like that of the better-known J. R. R. Tolkien, considered not just the creation of a fantasy world but also an in-depth development of the societies and languages of the world.

Tolkien wrote in his essay " On Fairy Stories " that the terms " fantasy " and " enchantment " are connected to not only "... the satisfaction of certain primordial human desires ..." but also "... the origin of language and of the mind.

Tolkien also created scripts for his Elvish languages, of which the best known are the Sarati, the Tengwar, and the Cirth.

Tolkien not only invented many languages but also scripts.

The work was accompanied by two essays, also by Tolkien, one before and one after the main work.

In the appendices of The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien says the " true " or Westron form of Sam's name is Banazîr Galbasi ( also spelled Galpsi ).

Along with a few words in Khuzdul, Tolkien also developed runes of his own invention ( the Cirth ), said to have been invented by Elves and later adopted by the Dwarves.

In The Lord of the Rings Tolkien writes that they breed slowly, for no more than a third of them are female, and not all marry ; also, female Dwarves look and sound ( and dress, if journeying — which is rare ) so alike to Dwarf-males that other folk cannot distinguish them, and thus others wrongly believe Dwarves grow out of stone.

Tolkien also makes reference to Giants in The Hobbit.

Tolkien also used Rohanese occasionally in his letters )

In the last two lines Tolkien has also introduced the character of answers familiar from Old English riddle literature, while he has extended the staccato Anglo-Saxon lines of his model to adjust to our expectations of five-beat stress in heroic poetry in English.

Tolkien was also aware of the name's Germanic cognates ( Old Norse Aurvandill, Lombardic Auriwandalo ), and the question why the Anglo-Saxon one rather than the Lombardic or Proto-Germanic form should be taken up in the mythology is alluded to in The Notion Club Papers.

Fëanor is among those major characters whom Tolkien, who also used to illustrate his writings, supplied with a distinct heraldic device.

These machines do not appear in the published Silmarillion, also edited by Christopher Tolkien, in which real dragons attack the city.

" He also noted that it was one of the passages of the book " in which the coincidental resemblance to Tolkien, a sharing of sources rather than direct influence, is too close for comfort.

Shippey also suggests that, while Tolkien discouraged reading this story as allegory, a good case can be made that Nokes represents the literary, critical approach to studying English, belittling the contributions of the philological approach represented by the previous Master Cook.

( Supposedly Tolkien also lived in Brill for a short while.

Also, in an unpublished letter sent to Gene Wolfe, Tolkien also made this comment:

* In a comparison with the later literature, The Lord of the Rings ( 1954-1955 ) by J. R. R. Tolkien, the character Gollum, as well as Smaug, could be seen to have been inspired by Fáfnir, who was also corrupted by greed and transformed into a vile creature.

Plant was also influenced by J. R. R. Tolkien, whose book series inspired lyrics in some early Led Zeppelin songs.

The appendices to The Lord of the Rings were brought to a finished state in 1953 – 54, but a decade later, during preparations for the release of the Second Edition, Tolkien elaborated the events that had led to the Kin-strife and introduced the regency of Rómendacil II.

J. R. R. Tolkien's son Christopher, who compiled and edited Unfinished Tales, speculates in an endnote to the chapter " The Line of Elros: Kings of Númenor " that while Tolkien may have had a reason behind the omission that he never elaborated on, a simple textual error is more likely, as the numbering of the kings was never altered.

Tolkien, have insisted on the traditional form of Father Christmas in preference to Santa Claus.

Glorantha shares some fantasy tropes such as dwarves, elves, trolls, giants, but has developed them differently to the more conventional versions based on the work of Tolkien.

* Tolkien on Fairy-Stories, by Verlyn Flieger and Douglas A. Anderson: " A new expanded edition of Tolkien's most famous, and most important essay, which defined his conception of fantasy as a literary form ..."( 2008 ) ISBN 978-0-00-724466-9.

* Faith Seeking Fantasy: Tolkien on Fairy Stories, Anthony J. Kelly, Theology @ McAuley, Issue 3, Banyo Edition, February 2003-theological response to < nowiki >'</ nowiki > On Fairy-Stories < nowiki >'</ nowiki >

Tolkien: Master of Middle-earth ," which describes the impact Tolkien's writings had on him, is featured in the following titles:

Many editions of the latter work, first published in 1975, shortly after his death, list Tolkien on the cover as author rather than translator.

The general form — that of a journey into strange lands, told in a light-hearted mood and interspersed with songs — may be following the model of The Icelandic Journals by William Morris, an important literary influence on Tolkien.

Chance compares the development and growth of Bilbo against other characters to the concepts of just kingship versus sinful kingship derived from the Ancrene Wisse ( which Tolkien had written on in 1929 ) and a Christian understanding of Beowulf.

Tolkien is credited with being the first critic to expound on Beowulf as a literary work with value beyond merely historical, and his 1936 lecture Beowulf: the Monsters and the Critics is still required reading for students of Anglo-Saxon.

The heirs of Tolkien, including his son Christopher Tolkien, filed suit against New Line Cinema in February 2008 seeking payment of profits and to be " entitled to cancel ... all future rights of New Line ... to produce, distribute, and / or exploit future films based upon the Trilogy and / or the Films ... and / or ... films based on The Hobbit.

Other holdings on the seven foremost authors ( G. K. Chesterton, George MacDonald, Dorothy L. Sayers, and Inklings Owen Barfield, C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, and Charles Williams ) include letters, manuscripts, audio and video tapes, artwork, dissertations, periodicals, photographs, and related materials.

" Because we grew up on comic books and the Tolkien trilogy, one of the things we're interested in is bringing serial fiction to cinema ," Lana has said.

As an author, illustrator and medievalist, he helped to establish the modern fantasy genre, and was a direct influence on postwar authors such as J. R. R. Tolkien.

J. R. R. Tolkien challenges this concept in his essay " On Fairy-Stories ", choosing instead the paradigm of secondary belief based on inner consistency of reality.

The writer J. R. R. Tolkien was born in the city on 3 January 1892, though his family left South Africa following the death of his father, Arthur Tolkien, while Tolkien was still a child ( 1895 ).

Tolkien was a philologist by profession, and spent much time on his constructed languages.

Tolkien sometimes changed the " meaning " of an Elvish word, but he almost never disregarded it once invented, and he kept on refining its meaning, and countlessly forged new synonyms.

Tolkien never ceased to experiment on his constructed languages, and they were subjected to many revisions.

Humphrey Carpenter in his 1977 biography relates that Tolkien owned a postcard entitled Der Berggeist (), and on the paper cover in which he kept it, he wrote " the origin of Gandalf ".

In the same letter Tolkien states he was given the form of an old man in order to limit his powers on Earth.

Tolkien discusses the characteristics of Gandalf in his essay on the Istari, which appears in the work Unfinished Tales.